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  1. Qiwei, Zhang, Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin, Ahmad Fahad Ahmad, Obays, Susan Jabbar, Zulkifly Abbas
    MyJurnal
    This study attempts to develop a soil moisture measurement system with a monopole antenna sensor, mini-VNA Tiny and a mobile phone respectively. The mini-VNA Tiny is a compact vector network analyzer (VNA) with a USB connection to a smartphone or a tablet. There are 17 sets of data which have been collected from 15 different spots with varying soil moisture content. The actual moisture content on site was collected from TRIME-PICO 64/32 sensor. Upon collection, it was necessary to calibrate the resistance obtained from the mini-VNA between 1 MHz and 3 GHz. The data obtained from the study shows that the resonances of the antenna resistance shift to the left on the frequency spectrum as moisture content increases. A linear model relating the resistance and actual moisture content was developed from this study with coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.723 at 13 MHz. This value is much less than the anticipated R2 = 0.95 for accurate measurement of soil moisture with monopole antenna at microwave frequency. This could be due to the 0.60 cm thickness of the monopole antenna which may not be suited for soil moisture measurement. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates the potential application of an inexpensive and portable mini-VNA Tiny and smartphone system for sensing applications.
  2. Nur Biha Mohamed Nafis, Zulkifly Abbas, Jumiah Hassan, Noradira Suhaime, Lee KY, You KY, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2831-2840.
    This paper describes the development of a simple method to determine the permittivity and moisture content (m.c.) of
    ginger. The measurement system consists of a microwave sensor, directional coupler and a PIC microcontroller. The
    microwave sensor is a square flanged open-ended coaxial (OEC) sensor made from SMA stub contact panel with outer
    diameter (O.D) 4.10 mm. The microwave oven drying method was used to determine the actual m.c. of the ginger. All data
    acquisition, processing and display were accomplished using a PIC 16F690 microcontroller programmed using Flowcode
    software. The actual values of the permittivity of ginger were obtained by using the Agilent (now Keysight Technologies)
    85070B dielectric probe along with a HP 8720B Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The results showed good relationships
    between m.c., permittivity (dielectric constant (εʹ) and loss factor (ε̋)) and reflected voltage. The calibration equations
    between reflected voltage and m.c. have been established for the sensor. The measurement system provides a simple, fast
    and accurate technique to predict m.c., εʹ and ε̋ of ginger from reflected voltage measurements alone. The accuracy in
    determination of m.c., εʹ and ε̋ in ginger was within 2.9%, 2.7%, and 3.6%, respectively.
  3. Noradira Suhaime, Masniza Sairi, Nur Biha Mohamed Nafis, Suriati Paiman, Tity Nazleen Mohamed, Zulkifly Abbas, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1571-1578.
    The maturity of mango is usually assessed by the determination of its moisture content (m.c.), soluble solid content (SSC)
    and pH. However, these techniques are either time consuming, tedious or destructive. In this research, we extend the
    application of the open-ended coaxial probe technique to determine m.c. and pH of Chok Anan mango from its dielectric
    properties from week 5 to week 17 after anthesis. The effects of frequency and m.c. on the values of the dielectric constant
    and loss factor were also investigated. The critical frequency separating the different polarizations was found to be
    inversely proportional to m.c. Also, in this research we proposed a new classification of fruit ripeness related to the number
    of weeks after anthesis. The actual dielectric properties, m.c., SSC and pH of Chok Anan mango were measured using
    standard methods. Relationships were established between the dielectric constant, loss factor, critical frequency, pH and
    m.c. The accuracy for the determination of m.c. and pH using the coaxial probe was within 1.7% and 3.0%, respectively.
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