Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 21 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Are eye-care practitioners fitting scleral contact lenses?
    Woods CA, Efron N, Morgan P, International Contact Lens Prescribing Survey Consortium
    Clin Exp Optom, 2020 07;103(4):449-453.
    PMID: 32519339 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13105
    BACKGROUND: To determine the extent of scleral lens fitting worldwide and to characterise the associated patient demographics.

    METHODS: Survey forms were sent to contact lens fitters around the world, every year for 20 consecutive years (2000 to 2019). Practitioners were asked to record data relating to the first 10 contact lens fits or refits performed after receiving the survey. Data were analysed for those countries reporting ≥ 1,000 contact lens fits during this period.

    RESULTS: A total of 369,209 contact lens fits were recorded from 40 eligible countries, comprising 2,309 scleral lens fits and 366,900 other (non-scleral) lens fits. Overall scleral lenses represented 0.76 per cent of all contact lens fits with significant differences between countries (p 

  2. Viewing distance with minimum heterophoria
    Chen AH, Aziz A
    Clin Exp Optom, 2002 12 17;82(5):182-186.
    PMID: 12482277
    BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study are to determine the viewing distance with minimum heterophoria and its relationship with refractive error and the resting position of accommodation. METHODS: The heterophoria and the accommodation responses of 36 optometry students (25 emmetropes and 11 myopes) were tested. Heterophoria was measured with the Free-Space Heterophoria Card at five different viewing distances (25 cm, 33 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm and 300 cm). The dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria for each individual was estimated from the graph, where heterophoria in prism dioptres was plotted against viewing distance in centimetres. The Canon R-1 autore-fractor was used to determine the accommodation response at six different viewing distances (25 cm, 33 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 300 cm and 600 cm). The resting position of accommodation for each individual was estimated from the graph where the accommodative stimulus in dioptres was plotted against the accommodative response in dioptres. RESULTS: The dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria ranges from 0.003 D to 0.65 D in emmetropes and ranges from 0.03 D to 2.36 D in myopes. There is no difference in the dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria between myopes and emmetropes. Our results show a possible but not significant correlation between the dioptric viewing distance with minimum heterophoria and the resting position of accommodation. CONCLUSIONS: The viewing distance with minimum heterophoria is not affected by refractive error (stable early-onset myopia) and is poorly correlated with the resting position of accommodation.
  3. Near esophoria is associated with high myopia
    Chung KM, Chong E
    Clin Exp Optom, 2002 12 11;83(2):71-75.
    PMID: 12472457
    BACKGROUND: A retrospective study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that esophoria is associated with higher amounts of myopia. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four subjects were selected from the files of optometry clinics at the Department of Optometry, National University of Malaysia, from the years 1995 to 1998 inclusive. These subjects were matched in terms of age group, sex, race and near phoria group. Near phorias were determined by Maddox wing technique and were classified into three groups: more than six prism dioptres exophoria, zero to six prism dioptres exophoria and any esophorias. RESULTS: One way analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences in mean myopias between the three phoria groups (ANOVA, F(2,141) = 5.34, p < 0.01). Further analysis with the Student-Newman-Keuls test showed that the amount of myopia is significantly higher in the esophoric group than in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that near esophoria is associated with high myopia. This study suggests that near phoria might be an important factor in myopia development.
  4. Fulltext Non-invasive tear break-up time in normal Malays
    Mohidin N, Bay TC, Yap M
    Clin Exp Optom, 2002 Jan;85(1):37-41.
    PMID: 11952394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2002.tb03070.x
    Tear stability in normal Malays with consideration of gender and age has not been reported. In this study, we measured tear stability in normal Malays using the non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT).
  5. Fulltext Maurice KH Yap: academic, administrator, innovator in myopia research and public health
    Woo GC
    Clin Exp Optom, 2018 07;101(4):616-617.
    PMID: 28714215 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12569
  6. Do reduced visual acuity and refractive error affect classroom performance?
    Hopkins S, Narayanasamy S, Vincent SJ, Sampson GP, Wood JM
    Clin Exp Optom, 2020 05;103(3):278-289.
    PMID: 31441091 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12953
    The role of visual acuity and refractive errors in the academic performance of children is controversial due to the variable quality of the research in this area and the mixed findings reported. This review aims to provide clarity by reviewing and critiquing relevant peer-reviewed publications and also summarises what is known regarding the visual demands of modern classroom environments. The outcomes of this review suggest that while a number of studies have investigated the role of vision in relation to children's academic performances, the veracity of the evidence obtained from the majority of these studies is undermined by methodological limitations. Comparisons between studies are constrained by differences in experimental designs, instrumentation and sample characteristics. Despite these limitations, the weight of evidence suggests there is an association between academic performance and both visual acuity and refractive error in children. However, well-designed experimental studies are necessary to further understand the relationship between these parameters.
  7. Fulltext Grading of tarsal conjunctiva of young adults in Malaysia
    Ishak B, Mohd-Ali B, Mohidin N
    Clin Exp Optom, 2011 Sep;94(5):458-63.
    PMID: 21793918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00621.x
    BACKGROUND: The monitoring and assessment of the upper tarsal conjunctiva can be enhanced by the use of a grading scale. The aim of this study was to categorise the appearance of normal tarsal conjunctiva among young adults in Malaysia using the Institute for Eye Research grading scale and to investigate inter- and intra-observer agreement.
    METHODS: The appearance of the upper tarsal conjunctiva of 416 non-contact lens wearing subjects aged between 19 to 24 years was assessed by two separate observers for roughness and redness in three separate zones using the Institute for Eye Research grading scale. The average grade for each zone and overall grade for roughness and redness were calculated. Inter- and intra-observer agreements were analysed.
    RESULTS: Subjects were categorised for ethnicity and the roughness and redness were calculated. No significant differences were found between Malay and Chinese eyes (p > 0.05). The average grades for the upper tarsal conjunctiva redness and roughness were 0.90 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.43, respectively. Significantly higher roughness scores were found in zone 1 compared to the other two zones (p = 0.03). Significant association was also found between tarsal conjunctiva redness and roughness (Spearman ρ= 0.45, p < 0.001). Correlation between redness and roughness with age (p = 0.48, p = 0.65) and gender (p = 0.30, p = 0.79) were not significant. Only 2.2 per cent of subjects had scores higher than 2.0 for roughness or redness. Inter- and intra-observer analysis showed good agreement between two observers during the study.
    CONCLUSION: The roughness and redness of normal tarsal conjunctiva among young adults in Malaysia were found to be less than two units. Results of this study might be beneficial in clinical trials using contact lenses where changes in the tarsal conjunctiva are commonly used as an outcome measure.
    Study site: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  8. Fulltext Visual and binocular status of Down syndrome children in Malaysia
    Mohd-Ali B, Mohammed Z, Norlaila M, Mohd-Fadzil N, Rohani CC, Mohidin N
    Clin Exp Optom, 2006 May;89(3):150-4.
    PMID: 16637969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00033.x
    Down syndrome is a common chromosomal anomaly. Few reported studies make reference to the ocular status in Asian children with Down syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine the visual and binocular status of a sample of Down syndrome children in Malaysia.
  9. Fulltext Quantification of dark adaptation dynamics in retinitis pigmentosa using non-linear regression analysis
    Omar R, Herse P
    Clin Exp Optom, 2004 Nov;87(6):386-9.
    PMID: 15575812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03099.x
    PURPOSE: Non-linear regression analysis was used to determine dark adaptation indices in people with retinitis pigmentosa and in control subjects.
    METHODS: Dark adaptation data were collected for 13 people with retinitis pigmentosa and 21 controls using the Goldmann-Weekers Dark Adaptometer. Data were analysed using an exponential non-linear regression model and dark adaptation indices derived. The results were compared to age-related values.
    RESULTS: The mean cone threshold of the group with RP (4.73 +/- 0.19 log units) was significantly greater than that found in the control group (3.69 +/- 0.12 log units). The rate of cone dark adaptation in the RP group was not significantly different from that of the control group. The a break in the RP group (6.46 +/- 0.70 minutes) was delayed when compared to the control group (4.29 +/- 0.21 minutes) and the rate of rod dark adaptation in the RP group was slower (10 +/- 2 per cent per minute) than that of the control group (15 +/- 1 per cent per minute).
    CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that a relatively simple data analysis can provide a more quantitative and intuitive description of dark adaptation rates in people with retinal disease. This technique will enable more effective use of dark adaptometry as a supplement to objective electrophysiology, when monitoring people with retinitis pigmentosa.
    Study site: Retinitis Pigmentosa Society of NSW, the National Foundation of Blind Citizens in New South Wales and the Low Vision Clinic of the School of Optometry University of NSW, Australia
  10. Fulltext Effect of petroleum derivatives and solvents on colour perception
    Sharanjeet-Kaur, Mursyid A, Kamaruddin A, Ariffin A
    Clin Exp Optom, 2004 Jul;87(4-5):339-43.
    PMID: 15312037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05064.x
    BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to various neurotoxic chemicals has been shown to be associated with colour vision impairment. It seems that this can occur at low exposure levels, sometimes well below the recommended occupational threshold limits. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of exposure to petroleum derivatives (polyethylene, polystyrene) and solvents (perchloroethylene) on colour perception.
    METHODS: Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara plates, the D-15 test and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. Two factories using petroleum derivatives and three dry cleaning premises were chosen at random. A total of 93 apparently healthy employees were recruited from the five workplaces. Two age-matched control groups comprising 56 people, who were support staff of the university with no exposure to petroleum, solvents or their derivatives, were also recruited.
    RESULTS: All subjects passed the Ishihara test, showing that none had a congenital red-green defect. Some of the exposed employees failed the D-15 and had abnormally high FM100 Hue scores. All control subjects passed all the colour vision tests. The D-15 test showed that 28 per cent (26 of 93) of exposed employees had a colour vision defect whereas the FM 100 Hue test found that 63 per cent (59 of 93) had a colour vision defect. Most defects were of the blue-yellow type (22.6 per cent) when using the D-15 test. However, with the FM 100 Hue test, most defects were of the non-polar type with no specific axis (50.5 per cent). Mean total error scores calculated from the FM100 Hue test for exposed employees were statistically significantly higher than those of the control subjects.
    CONCLUSION: Employees directly exposed to petroleum derivatives and solvents have a higher risk of acquiring colour vision defects compared to subjects who are not.
    Study sites: Factories; the control subjects were tested at the Optometry Clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  11. Fulltext Spectral sensitivity in eyes with macular holes and their fellow eyes
    Sharanjeet-Kaur, O'Donaghue E, Murray IJ
    Clin Exp Optom, 2003 Nov;86(6):385-9.
    PMID: 14632615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03083.x
    BACKGROUND: This prospective study was undertaken to investigate whether spectral sensitivity can be useful in determining the prognosis of fellow eyes of eyes with macular holes.
    METHODS: Spectral sensitivity measurements using a one degree test spot presented at a rate of 1 Hz and 25 Hz on a bright (1000 td) white background were carried out on 10 patients aged between 67 and 74 years (mean age 70.3 +/- 2.6 years). Each patient had a full thickness macular hole in one eye and a normal contralateral fellow eye. The spectral sensitivity measurements were made with eccentric fixation in the eyes with macular holes and with central fixation in the normal fellow eye. A year later, the patient files were reviewed to look at the patient's ocular condition. Another 10 subjects between the ages of 50 and 80 years (mean age 69.5 +/- 4.2 years) were also seen. These control group subjects had visual acuities of 6/9 or better with minimal ocular media changes and no ocular or systemic pathology that could affect colour vision.
    RESULTS: The 1 Hz and 25 Hz spectral sensitivities of all patients were reduced for both eyes. Despite the good eye without a macular hole having a VA of 6/6, the spectral sensitivity was similar to that of the eye with the macular hole and markedly reduced visual acuity.
    CONCLUSION: The present investigation enabled us to examine the chromatic and achromatic mechanisms by testing spectral sensitivity at 1 Hz and 25 Hz, respectively. The data revealed that both chromatic and achromatic processing could be damaged in the eye with a macular hole. Surprisingly, the spectral sensitivities of both 1 Hz and 25 Hz are equally reduced in the good fellow eye with no macular hole. A one-year follow-up showed that two of the 10 patients (20 per cent) did eventually develop a macular hole in the normal fellow eye. This indicates that there is some subclinical foveal dysfunction in the normal fellow eye, the nature of which is unclear.
    Study site: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (MREH), United Kingdom
  12. Profile of a low vision clinic population
    Mohidin N, Yusoff S
    Clin Exp Optom, 2002 12 17;81(5):198-202.
    PMID: 12482319
    BACKGROUND: Causes of low vision and types of low vision devices (LVDs) prescribed in other low vision clinics have been studied extensively. Similar studies have not been conducted in Malaysia. This paper reports the results of a retrospective study of 573 patients seen at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia-Malaysian Association for the Blind (UKM-MAB) low vision clinic in Kuala Lumpur. METHODS: The record cards of 573 patients seen at the UKM-MAB clinic over 10 years were examined and the following information extracted: date of first consultation, age, sex, cause of visual impairment as diagnosed by an ophthalmologist and types of low vision devices (LVDs) prescribed. RESULTS: The majority of patients were from the younger age groups with 423 (73.8 per cent) less than 50 years of age. Three hundred and ninety-five (68.9 per cent) of the subjects were males and 178 (31.1 per cent) female. The main causes of low vision were congenital structural defects including nystagmus among patients in the zero to 29 years age group, retinitis pigmentosa among the 30 to 59 years age group and age-related macular degeneration (ARM) among those over 60 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Since the majority of the patients were from the younger age group the main causes of low vision were congenital and hereditary diseases. Three hundred and forty-one (59.5 per cent) patients seen at the low vision clinic accepted the use of LVDs.
  13. Fulltext Accommodation response to Chinese and Latin characters in Chinese-illiterate young adults
    Radhakrishnan H, Hartwig A, Charman WN, Llorente L
    Clin Exp Optom, 2015 Nov;98(6):527-34.
    PMID: 26450168 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12296
    BACKGROUND: Differences in accommodation when reading Chinese, as compared to Latin, characters have been suggested to have a role in the higher prevalence of myopia in some Asian countries. Yeo and colleagues (Optom Vis Sci 2013; 90: 156-163) found that, in Chinese-literate children, accommodation was marginally more accurate (by less than 0.05 D), when reading Chinese text. This was attributed to the additional cognitive demand associated with interpreting the more complex Chinese symbols. The present study compared responses to single Chinese and Latin characters, while controlling for cognitive demand.
    METHODS: The monocular accommodative response was measured in Chinese-illiterate adults (10 emmetropes, mean spherical equivalent: -0.07 ± 0.42 D, age: 29.9 ± 4.2 years; 11 myopes, mean spherical equivalent: -4.28 ± 2.84 D, age: 31.7 ± 4.6 years) with an open-field autorefractor. Four Chinese and three Latin characters (approximately 1.15 degrees subtense) were individually presented on a display screen one metre away from the subject, while their vergence was varied over the range zero to 5.00 D using spectacle trial lenses. The slope and the accommodative error index (AEI) were calculated from the accommodative stimulus/response curves (ASRC).
    RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between refractive groups or among characters within the same refractive group in ARSC slopes (Latin: 0.87 ± 0.14 for myopes versus 0.81 ± 0.12 for emmetropes; Chinese: 0.84 ± 0.12 for myopes versus 0.85 ± 0.12 for emmetropes). No significant differences were found between characters in accommodative error index either (Latin, 0.78 ± 0.42 D for myopes versus 1.15 ± 0.72 D for emmetropes; Chinese, 0.74 ± 0.37 D for myopes versus 1.17 ± 0.83 D for emmetropes). However, accommodative error indices and accommodative errors were significantly higher for emmetropes.
    CONCLUSION: Under controlled cognitive demand, Chinese and Latin characters elicited similar responses in both individual refractive groups. This study fails to support the hypothesis that development of myopia in some Asian populations is associated with larger lags of accommodation when reading or viewing Chinese characters.
    Study site: Manchester, United Kingdom
  14. Fulltext A rare occurrence of epithelial inclusion iris cyst after phacoemulsification
    Kuganasan S, Voon Loo A, Subrayan V
    Clin Exp Optom, 2015 Jan;98(1):97-8.
    PMID: 25545950 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12235
  15. Fulltext A prospective analysis of corneal endothelial polymegethism and cell density in young adult Asians
    Doughty MJ
    Clin Exp Optom, 2014 May;97(3):256-63.
    PMID: 24405014 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12127
    PURPOSE: The aim was to assess the morphology of the Asian corneal endothelium, particularly the index of polymegethism and its relationship to endothelial cell density assessments.
    METHODS: The central regions of the corneal endothelium of 72 healthy, normal weight, non-contact lens wearers were assessed by non-contact specular microscopy. There were six groups of persons, aged between 18 and 27 years, whose ethnic origins were self-reported as Asian (Mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Pakistan or other Asian groups). Single images including at least 100 contiguous cells were obtained from each subject and were processed by planimetry after manual border marking to minimise errors. Calculations were made of the coefficient of variation of cell area (COV; polymegethism) as well as the endothelial cell density and percentage of six-sided cells.
    RESULTS: The COV values ranged from 18 to 30.4 per cent (group mean 24.5 ± 2.8 per cent). The corneas had essentially normal thickness (0.530 ± 0.026 mm), with the endothelia showing a high percentage of six-sided cells (66.3 ± 7.1 per cent) and none showing even mild signs of polymegethism. Endothelial cell density estimates based on average cell areas ranged from 2,020 to 3,623 cells per mm(2) and from 2,157 to 3,835 with calculations based on individual cell areas. The difference between the two estimates of endothelial cell density was strongly related to the coefficient of variation (r = 0.765).
    CONCLUSIONS: This result is consistent with several older reports indicating that it is uncommon to find polymegethism in healthy young adult Asian individuals. Nonetheless, even low coefficient of variation values can substantially affect the estimations of the cell density.
    KEYWORDS: Asian; cornea; endothelium; human; polymegathism
  16. Fulltext Professor Norhani Mohidin: pioneer, educator and champion of optometry in Malaysia
    Yap M
    Clin Exp Optom, 2013 May;96(3):352-4.
    PMID: 23651138 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12012
  17. Fulltext Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the eyelid: a case report and review of literature
    Lim CC, Soong TK, Chuah KC, Subrayan V
    Clin Exp Optom, 2013 May;96(3):349-51.
    PMID: 22970978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00797.x
    Primary extramedullary plasmacytomas of the eyelid are rare with only five other cases reported in the literature. A 43-year-old Chinese man presented with painless swelling of the left lower eyelid that developed over the past two years. An incisional biopsy and histopathological analysis of the lesion revealed a primary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the eyelid. The tumour was completely excised. There has been no tumour recurrence over the last five years. This tumour should be among those considered when encountering an atypical adnexal lesion. A systemic examination, relevant clinical investigations, as well as life-long monitoring are essential for these patients due to the strong association of extramedullary plasmacytoma with multiple myeloma. When a lesion can be completely resected, surgery provides similar results to radiotherapy.
  18. Fulltext Macular thickness as determined by optical coherence tomography in relation to degree of myopia, axial length and vitreous chamber depth in Malay subjects
    Othman SF, Sharanjeet-Kaur, Manan FA, Zulkarnain AI, Mohamad Z, Ariffin AE
    Clin Exp Optom, 2012 Sep;95(5):484-91.
    PMID: 22716100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00752.x
    PURPOSE:This study aimed to determine the relationship between macular thickness and spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) in Malay subjects.
    METHODS: Sixty-three subjects (aged 19-24 years) with a mean SER of -1.79 ± 2.24 D, mean axial length of 24.26 ± 1.35 mm and mean vitreous chamber depth of 17.02 ± 1.33 mm were included in this clinical cross-sectional study. Stratus optical coherence tomography (Time Domain optical coherence tomography) was used to determine the thickness of the outer macular (perifovea) and inner macular (parafovea) at four different locations, that is, temporal, superior, nasal and inferior quadrants and also the fovea itself.
    RESULTS: Positive correlations were found between the outer macular (perifovea) thickness and SER at the temporal (R = 0.47, p < 0.05), superior (R = 0.36, p < 0.05) and inferior (R = 0.31, p < 0.05) quadrants. Foveal thickness was also positively correlated with AL (R = 0.34, p < 0.05) and VCD (R = 0.32, p < 0.05). Negative correlations were found between outer macular thickness and axial length at the temporal (R = -0.46, p < 0.05), superior (R = -0.27, p < 0.05), nasal (R = -0.25, p < 0.05) and inferior (R = -0.36, p < 0.05) quadrants. Negative correlations were also found between outer macular thickness and VCD at the temporal (R = -0.51, p < 0.05), superior (R = -0.32, p < 0.05), nasal (R = -0.31, p < 0.05) and inferior (R = -0.40, p < 0.05) quadrants.
    CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the degree of myopia and elongation of the globe are associated with thinning of most areas of the perifovea. A trend for foveal thickening in the high myopia group is also inferred, although this does not apply to the low and moderate myopia groups.
    Study site: Optometry and ophthalmology clinics, National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences, Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital (THONEH), Petaling Jaya
  19. Fulltext Spontaneous dislocation of intraocular lens as a late complication of uncomplicated cataract surgery: a case series
    Lam HH, Visvaraja S
    Clin Exp Optom, 2012 Jan;95(1):99-102.
    PMID: 21954950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00640.x
    Five patients having uncomplicated phacoemulsification were implanted with CT-Asphina 603P intraocular lenses into the capsular bag. After a few months, three of the patients had haptic flexion anterior to the optic despite minimal capsular fibrosis. One patient had spontaneous dislocation of the intraocular lens into the anterior chamber with only minimal capsular fibrosis. Another patient had one haptic dislocated out of the bag. Late intraocular lens dislocation is also seen in newly designed preloaded intraocular lenses despite the absence of significant capsular fibrosis. Haptic-optic junction design and intraocular lens material play important roles in such complication. A slightly large capsulorhexis might be a deterrent for implantation of this intraocular lens.
  20. Fulltext Visual demands in modern Australian primary school classrooms
    Narayanasamy S, Vincent SJ, Sampson GP, Wood JM
    Clin Exp Optom, 2016 May;99(3):233-40.
    PMID: 26889920 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12365
    BACKGROUND: The visual demands of modern classrooms are poorly understood yet are relevant in determining the levels of visual function required to perform optimally within this environment.

    METHODS: Thirty-three Year 5 and 6 classrooms from eight south-east Queensland schools were included. Classroom activities undertaken during a full school day (9 am to 3 pm) were observed and a range of measurements recorded, including classroom environment (physical dimensions, illumination levels), text size and contrast of learning materials, habitual working distances (distance and estimated for near) and time spent performing various classroom tasks. These measures were used to calculate demand-related minimum criteria for distance and near visual acuity, contrast and sustained use of accommodation and vergence.

    RESULTS: The visual acuity demands for distance and near were 0.33 ± 0.13 and 0.72 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively (using habitual viewing distances and smallest target sizes) or 0.33 ± 0.09 logMAR assuming a 2.5 times acuity reserve for sustained near tasks. The mean contrast levels of learning materials at distance and near were greater than 70 per cent. Near tasks (47 per cent) dominated the academic tasks performed in the classroom followed by distance (29 per cent), distance to near (15 per cent) and computer-based (nine per cent). On average, children engaged in continuous near fixation for 23 ± 5 minutes at a time and during distance-near tasks performed fixation changes 10 ± 1 times per minute. The mean estimated habitual near working distance was 23 ± 1 cm (4.38 ± 0.24 D accommodative demand) and the vergence demand was 0.86 ± 0.07(Δ) at distance and 21.94 ± 1.09(Δ) at near assuming an average pupillary distance of 56 mm.

    CONCLUSIONS: Relatively high levels of visual acuity, contrast demand and sustained accommodative-convergence responses are required to meet the requirements of modern classroom environments. These findings provide an evidence base to inform prescribing guidelines and develop paediatric vision screening protocols and referral criteria.
Related Terms
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links