The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the effects of rainfall intensity and aggregate sizes on sediment concentration and hydraulic parameters. Flow velocity, flow width, shear stress and stream power are the hydraulic parameters. The impact of various rainfall intensities with differing aggregate sizes (D1.18 mm and D2.00 mm) was also studied. Under the rainfall simulator, the different aggregate sizes, D1.18 mm and D2.00 mm, were set up at a slope angle of 20o. The flow of runoff was collected for 2 hours at several intervals (30, 60, 90 and 120 min). Then, the hydraulic parameters and concentration of the sediment were measured. As a result, the increased rate of rainfall creates a higher concentration of sediment on a steep slope from 7.988 to 3233.569 gm-3 and 2.954 to 976.736 gm- 3 for aggregate sizes D1.18 mm and D2.00 mm, respectively. Generally, as the flow depth and shear stress were reduced, the estimated sediment concentration was higher. On the other hand, flow velocity and unit stream power were directly related to the sediment concentrations.
This study is a continuation of previous research work conducted by the author on the stability of man-made slope constructed in UPNM campus. This paper presents the effects of ground water level (GWL) fluctuation on slope stability by using numerical simulation program, SlopeW. Ground water rises were simulated from 5m below the ground until 10m above the ground. Soil samples were taken from the site and tested in laboratory and then were incorporated into the program. It was found that the stability of the slope decreased with an increase of GWL. The critical slip surface formed by each case study is categorised as toe failure with circular and non-circular shapes.
Euler method is a numerical order process for solving problems with the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). It is a fast and easy way. While Euler offers a simple procedure for solving ODEs, problems such as complexity, processing time and accuracy have driven others to use more sophisticated methods. Improvements to the Euler method have attracted much attention resulting in numerous modified Euler methods. This paper proposes Cube Polygon, a modified Euler method with improved accuracy and complexity. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and easy implementation of the proposed method, several examples are presented. Cube Polygon’s performance was compared to Polygon’s scheme and evaluated against exact solutions using SCILAB. Results indicate that not only Cube Polygon has produced solutions that are close to identical solutions for small step sizes, but also for higher step sizes, thus generating more accurate results and decrease complexity. Also known in this paper is the general of the RL circuit due to the ODE problem.
Kathiravan, Yamunah, Mohd Fahmi Mohamad Amran, Noor Afiza Mat Razali, Mohd Afizi Mohd Shukran, Norshahriah Abdul Wahab, Mohammad Adib Khairuddin, et al.
Privacy has always been a constant concern for many people. Internet users are often worried about the browsing information that is left on their storage media. Web browsers were later introduced with a new feature called private browsing to overcome this issue. The private browsing mode is expected to behave as normal browsing session but without storing any data such as browser cookies, history, cache and passwords on the local machine. Unfortunately, previous researchers concluded web browser often failed to provide the intended privacy protection to their user. Along the way of this reviewing process, the weakness and downside of previous web browser vendors have been identified.
Road surface condition of a pavement is one of the most important features as it affect driving comfort and safety. A good road surface condition could reduce the risk of traffic accidents and injuries. Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is one of the important tools to measure the pavement performance. By conducting pavement evaluation, civil engineers could prioritize the maintenance and rehabilitation which usually incurred a huge cost. In University Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), there was no proper maintenance and rehabilitation scheduled for the roads as no performance evaluation tool available to measure the pavement condition. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a Composite Pavement Performance Index (CPPI) to monitor the pavement condition and to rank the roads in UPNM. To develop the CPPI, road defects data were collected from 6 internal roads in UPNM. From the data collected, 4 major distresses were identified: longitudinal cracking, crocodile cracking, potholes and ravelling were found more likely to affect the pavement’s condition in UPNM. By measuring the growth of the distresses over a period of 6 months, modelling was conducted using simple linear regression. The growth of the distresses were compared, and odds ratios were computed to calculate the weightage of each distress for the determination of the CPPI value. The CPPI value developed could be used to rank the roads in UPNM. This study demonstrated that the road connecting to the library building in UPNM experienced the worst pavement deterioration with a PCI of 24 or a CPPI value of 1.1915. The level of severity was classified as “SERIOUS” in accordance to ASTM D6433. This road was recommended for reconstruction to increase the comfort and safety for road users
During a disaster, the rescuer must reach the disaster area within the fastest time with the help of navigation tools. However, there might be some obstacles during the night time that make the evacuation of the victims difficult especially due to the bad weather. Hence, an attempt to produce glow-in-the-dark emergency signage to ease the evacuation process and to enhance visibility during night time is necessary. In this present study, particular emphasis is given to investigate the characteristic of photo-luminescent (PL)powder applied with polyester resin as glow-in-the-dark emergency signage. Five samples of signage were fabricated with different percentage of PL powder, i.e. 20%, 40%. 60%, 80% and 100% and mixed with 150g polyester resin. Three types of luminance test were performed to check the workability of the samples. The tests are physical appearance, one-hours illuminance test and afterglow duration tests. The result showed that the maximum lux meter reading was recorded in Sample 5 with 6 lux luminosity and provided the longest glow duration of the sample before completely off after 12-hours. Results proved that the highest percentage of the PL powder content, the longer the afterglow duration will be achieved. It also noted that the polyester resin could be a good binder of PL powder for producing the glow-in-the-dark emergency signage.
Partial discharge (PD) is a phenomenon that may lead to dielectric breakdown and can provide important information for condition monitoring on electrical power equipment, in particular transformer. One of the methods is the detection of the electromagnetic (EM) wave signal emitted by PD. Although the frequency spectrum in EM is very wide, this paper discusses the detection of EM only at ultra-high frequency (UHF). One of the detectors that can be used to detect EM is the antenna. There are a lot of antenna designs that have been proposed to detect the signal. The designs can be generally divided into two: PCB-based design and physical antenna design. An example of the latter is monopole. Some of the proposed antennas were left at the design stage while others went to be applied in actual PD experimentation. Discussion on the capabilities of these antennas can lead to the selection of a suitable antenna.
Mobile robots often have to discover a path of collision-free towards a specific goal point in their environment. We are trying to resolve the mobile robot problem iteratively by means of numerical technique. It is built on a method of potential field that count on the use of Laplace’s equation in the mobile robot’s configuration space to constrain/which reduces the generation of a potential function over regions. This paper proposed an iterative approach in solving robot path finding problem known as Accelerated Over-Relaxation (AOR). The experiment shows that these suggested approach can establish a smooth path between the starting and goal points by engaging with a finite-difference technique. The simulation results also show that a more rapidly solution with smoother path than the previous work is achieved via this numerical approach.
Awareness of occupational noise and its effects is growing. At No. 11 squadron base, Sukhoi jet was identified as the main culprit of occupational noise that affects not just the employees of the base but also civilian people in the surrounding area. The objective of the study is to identify the noise level produced by Sukhoi two-engines jet during maintenance operations. Investigations were carried out using Bruel & Kjaer 2250 sound level meter hand-analyser. Measurements were performed directly under the Sukhoi jet body and then 10 metres, 50 metres, 100 metres, 1000 metres and 1500 metres away. The jet engines could operate at two levels, at 72% RPM and at 85% RPM. The civilians are only exposed to its noise from more than 1000 metres away. The results from this study are analysed and noise mapping and noise contouring are produced which give the level of noise exposure. The maximum noise is recorded t 122dB(A) and the minimum is at 60dB(A). The farther the noise from the jet is measured, the lower the values recorded. From the noise mapping, the effects of noise exposures on both the employees at the base and the civilian at the neighbouring surrounding could be identified. Even though the exposures are only for 5-10 minutes, it is still considered as a threat
Assessment of instructors by students is needed for assessing the teaching quality of a lecturer towards achieving the objectives of a course. This paper aims to examine the techniques used in sentiment analysis for assessing the effectiveness of a lecturer’s or a teacher’s teaching style in the learning process at a university or school. In addition, the effectiveness of sentiment analysis techniques in assisting the teaching evaluation process is also discussed. The challenges for assessing the quality of teaching of National Defence University of Malaysia (UPNM) lecturers are also discussed in this paper. The sentiment analysis technology is capable of analysing views or opinions on a matter, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. Data from the sentiment analysis can be used by specific parties or anyone else to rectify any weakness or to improve any aspect that the user commented on. The purpose of this study is not to find the weakness of the lecturer, but rather the results of this assessment process can be useful to the management for rectifying weaknesses and for improving the teaching process.
Training at high altitude for prolonged periods can cause low oxygen tension which can developed complication of hypoxia. Hypoxia is a cascade activity from a level of down regulation and function of cell’s nucleus. Early detection of biomarker and physiological changes are important in prevent the hypoxia at high altitude. Hyperbaric medicine is a new treatment that were used an oxygen therapy to treat hypoxic and inflammatory driven conditions which patients are treated with 100% oxygen at pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The review discusses physiological changes associated with hypoxia, the response of biomarker hypoxia changes in high altitude and the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy can play as part of the treatment for pilots and athletes training at high altitudes that suffering from disease with underlying hypoxia.
Human detection and localization is one of the importance aspects in computer vision. It has broad applications in surveillance, robotic, driver assistance system, and for the military applications. The task is difficult because it depends on various conditions such as illumination, distance, human pose and weather condition. This study aimed to investigate human detection methods for thermal and visible images. We have explored three methods which are histogram of oriented gradient, integral image and aggregate of channel features. Our result showed that histogram of oriented gradient outperformed the other two using the tested images. However, the method is only applicable when the human is on the standing or upright position and limited to a certain distance between the scene and the camera position.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as data acquisition tools are becoming more affordable for many civil engineering applications. However, the accuracy of the output is influenced by many parameters. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of flight altitude toward the final output measurement accuracy without using Ground Control Point (GCP). Altitude is a parameter that is very important in flying UAV that has to be taken into consideration. Notably, the flight altitude depends on the ground condition, surrounding obstruction, Ground Sample Distance (GSD) and camera monitoring. The UAV should fly in a lower condition when GSD is better. However, this approach rarely can succeed because different site conditions such as flat terrain nor hilly terrain required different flight planning. Therefore, a field experiment will be carried out to investigate the optimum flight altitude to obtain acceptable accuracy of orthomap at hilly type of terrain. This study evaluates both the qualitative of the image and the quantitative aspect of the orthomap. The actual measurement of selected features was made and compared with the on screen measurement. An orthophoto will be generated by using Pix4Dmapper on a selected slope of the hilly terrain in UPNM Campus. Based on the results, different accuracy obtain on flat surface is 0.14% and slope surface is 2.77%, which needed further study to identify the method to reduce error. It is found that the accuracy without GCP is not having large error of more than 1% for flat area. Due to distortion of image on slope surface, the error is larger and needed GCP calibration. This study shows that UAV is a feasible platform for mapping of small area with acceptable accuracy.
Kajian ini telah dijalankan dengan menghasilkan dua sistem komposit iaitu komposit epoksi berpengisi montmorillonite (MMT) dengan dan tanpa cecair getah asli terepoksida (LENR) secara kaedah pencampuran in situ. Komposit telah di pra-matang pada tiga suhu iaitu pada suhu 30 °C, 50 °C atau 70 °C . Kedua dua sistem dimatang pada suhu 130 °C atau 140 °C. Ujian hentaman Izod dan ujian keliatan patah ke atas komposit yang dihasilkan menunjukkan peningkatan maksimum sebanyak 44% dengan penambahan MMT dan 29% peningkatan dengan penambahan getah asli terepoksida. Selain kandungan MMT, suhu pra matang 70 °C memberikan kesan yang ketara terhadap kekuatan hentaman dan keliatan patah sistem epoksi berpengisi MMT. Suhu pra-matang 50 °C merupakan suhu yang optimum dan berupaya memberikan kekuatan hentaman dan keliatan patah yang baik kepada sistem epoksi berpengisi MMT getah asli terepoksida. Suhu matang bagi kedua dua sistem tidak memberikan kesan yang ketara kepada sifat mekanikal kedua dua sistem komposit ini. Pemeriksaan mikrostruktur melalui mikroskop elektron transmisi menunjukkan MMT tertabur dengan susunan interkalasi. Peningkatan kandungan MMT melebihi 1 % berat menunjukkan kehadiran taktoid dan penggumpalan silikat.
Statistically, Android is the most targeted mobile platform when it comes to malicious application. As a result, Android malware detection has become one of the sizing topics in the domain of mobile security. As the researchers focusing on developing a new approach to detect and fight Android malware, there are always a recent report exhibiting cases of Android malware. Multiple motivations cause mobile malware writers to continuously develop an application with malware. Their intentions are to gain access to the private network and to collect sensitive data. This paper categories type of mobile malware. Furthermore, the types of mobile malware that often attacks android’s users are discussed. Then, fundamental techniques usually implement to detect mobile malware are deliberated. Basic techniques such as Static, Dynamic and Hybrid analysis are explained in the section. Finally, open issues on detecting and evaluating Android designed malware presented as a guideline for future research directions.
Tin-lead (SnPb) alloys are widely used in microelectronic packaging industry. It serves as a connector that provide the conductive path needed to achieve the connection from one circuit element to another circuit element. In this research, the effect of gamma irradiation on the micromechanical behaviour of tin-lead (SnPb) solder alloy has been investigated using the nano-indentation testing. Gamma radiation with a Cobalt-60 source were exposed to SnPb solders with different doses from 5 Gy to 500 Gy. In this study, the nano-indentation technique was used to understand the evolution of micromechanical properties (hardness and reduced modulus) of SnPb solder joints subjected to gamma irradiation. The results showed that the hardness of the SnPb alloys was enhanced with increasing of gamma radiation. The hardness was greatest at dose of 500 Gy of sample, 25.6 MPa and had the lowest value at un-irradiated sample. However, the reduced modulus was decreased by increasing the irradiation of gamma due to the intrinsic properties and the atomic bonding of the material.
Current military supply chain management is complex and complicated. Activities such as information, and knowledge sharing among involved parties are prone to cybercriminal. Protection of such private and confidential documents are very important. Therefore, a military supply chain derives a critical need for decentralized and digitize transactions in the ledger. This study is proposing a new traceability chain algorithm for military shipment using blockchain. The development of this traceability chain algorithm is based on algorithm development methodology. The new traceability chain algorithm is expected to trace product movement along with the blockchain network. In addition, it is also believed that this study will provide positive results for defense shipment. Future work is to broaden the scope to other military areas such as threat intelligence.
In this study, the slope parameter of linear structural relationship model is determined by using the proposed robust nonparametric method based on trimmed mean. This method is an upgrade to the nonparametric method that was introduced by Al-Nasser et al. (2005) by employing trimmed mean for all likely paired slopes rather than median slopes. Simulation study and real data were used to compare the proposed method’s performance versus the traditional maximum likelihood method. In the simulation study, based on both methods’ mean square error, it was inferred that the MLE method break down due to the presence of outliers even though its elaborate was not affected when there was no outlier in the data set. Based on the real life examples, it can be concluded that the performance of our proposed method was better in determining the slope parameter and thus provides a good alternative to MLE method when outliers are present.
Data is anything in a form suitable for use with a computer. Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a set of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. In this sense, data is thus everything that is not program code. Generally and in science, data is a gathered body of facts. Data security refers to protective digital privacy measures that are applied to prevent unauthorized access to computers data. Data security also protects data from corruption. However in this article would show a method for encryption text data by java program. It will encrypt is such a way that data could not read in plain text. Whereas Forensic science is a combine science. Scientific Evidence is a part of forensic science. By using the forensic science collecting information and present it on the court. So the meaning of evidence of science representing the understanding of collection information by establishes science. For example to create a DNA profile, following the establish protocol to make a DNA profile. So by testing it thousand times it will give the same result. This is the establish rule of science. When applying this rule in the court then it will call scientific Evidence. In Bangladesh most of the time it is seen that judiciary process is depends on confession based. Justice in the lower court does not depend on Digital forensic rather depend on Confession based. The definition of document is given in Section 3 at Evidence Act, 1872 and it is amended by ICT Act 2006 by Section 87 ,it is said that creating document by electronic is also a document .So any picture or video or audio are electronic document is a document .However for digital evidence based solution in this project using autopsy forensic tools, which will run on Kali Linux Forensic mode. It will generate a report paper and calculates MD5 hash values and confirms the integrity of the data before closing the files. Not all computer offence we can called cybercrime , but if a person created forged certificate or steal computer file , may called it as a Digital Crime .In real space , there are some physical force such as robbery , theft etc. But in Digital crime, there is no physical force, but doing the crime by technology.
Inappropriate use of antibiotics (AB) is a significant public health problem. Understanding the patterns of AB-taking behaviour helps in designing educational campaigns to curb the overuse of AB. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of AB usage among students and staff at the National Defence University of Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Data were described by frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to compare KAP levels between students and staff. The level of significance was established as p ≤ 0.05. This study revealed that fair level of knowledge about AB usage did not translate into positive attitudes and high levels of practices. Overall, students demonstrated poorer KAP regarding indiscriminate usage of AB than staff. Specifically, students had poorer knowledge about its role in ineffectiveness of treatment (p=0.013) and additional burden of medical cost to the patient (p=0.001). Additionally, students were more likely than staff to give the leftover AB to their friends if they become sick (p=0.024). The findings of this study may serve as a preliminary insight on the development of an effective intervention to improve attitudes and practices regarding AB usage.