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Information-based analysis of the relationship between brain and facial muscle activities in response to static visual stimuli

Soundirarajan M, Pakniyat N, Sim S, Nathan V, Namazi H

Technol Health Care, 2021;29(1):99-109.
PMID: 32568131 DOI: 10.3233/THC-192085

BACKGROUND: Human facial muscles react differently to different visual stimuli. It is known that the human brain controls and regulates the activity of the muscles.
OBJECTIVE: In this research, for the first time, we investigate how facial muscle reaction is related to the reaction of the human brain.
METHODS: Since both electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals, as the features of muscle and brain activities, contain information, we benefited from the information theory and computed the Shannon entropy of EMG and EEG signals when subjects were exposed to different static visual stimuli with different Shannon entropies (information content).
RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, the variations of the information content of the EMG signal are related to the variations of the information content of the EEG signal and the visual stimuli. Statistical analysis also supported the results indicating that the visual stimuli with greater information content have a greater effect on the variation of the information content of both EEG and EMG signals.
CONCLUSION: This investigation can be further continued to analyze the relationship between facial muscle and brain reactions in case of other types of stimuli.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles*
Fulltext MRI findings of orbicularis oculi hypertrophy due to heavy resistance training on the inferior orbital rim

Hasyma Abu Hassan, Norlisah Mohd Ramli, Fong, Kenneth C.S., Goh, Khean-Jin

Neurology Asia, 2013;18(4):427-429.
MyJurnal

Increase in cross-sectional muscle area of major muscle groups associated by heavy resistance training has been well documented. However, there has been no published article of changes in the inferior orbicularis oculi muscle when heavy resistance training is applied. We present a case of inferior orbicularis hypertrophy detected on MRI in a gentleman who practised heavy resistance training using his lower eyelids.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles
Desmoplastic fibroma: report of a case with proliferative myositis

Boon LC, Phaik KS, Khanijow V

Ann Dent, 1991;50(2):28-32.
PMID: 1785911

Desmoid tumor of the mandible, or desmoplastic fibroma, is a rare disease with only a few cases reported in the literature. This paper presents the rare case of an elderly male with desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible with an uncommon accompanying proliferative myositis. The case is discussed with emphasis on the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment of this lesion.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles/pathology*
Myomodulation Using Botulinum Toxin in Septorhinoplasty for Crooked Noses: Introducing the Concept and Application of Nasal Muscle Imbalance Theory

Wong EHC, D'Souza A

Facial Plast Surg, 2024 Feb;40(1):52-60.
PMID: 36878680 DOI: 10.1055/a-2047-7179

The role of septorhinoplasty for adequate correction of deviated nose is well documented, but the rationales and patterns for recurrences after proper rhinoplasty remain unclear. There has also been little attention given to the influence of nasal musculatures on the stability of nasal structures after septorhinoplasty. The aim of this article is to propose our nasal muscle imbalance theory, which may explain the potential reason for redeviation of the noses in the initial period after septorhinoplasty. We postulate that in a chronically deviated nose, the nasal muscles on the convex side will be stretched and develop hypertrophy after prolonged period of increased contractile activity. On the contrary, the nasal muscles on the concave side will undergo atrophy due to reduced load requirement. In the initial period of recovery after a septorhinoplasty to bring the nose back to midline, this muscle imbalance is still uncorrected with unequal pulling forces on the nasal structure because the stronger nasal muscles on the previously convex side is still hypertrophied and exert stronger forces compared with the previously concave side, therefore increasing the risk of redeviation of the nose back to the preoperative side until muscle atrophy occurs in the convex side and a balanced nasal muscle pull is achieved. We believe that postseptorhinoplasty botulinum toxin injections can be used as an adjunct in rhinoplasty surgery to effectively block the pulling actions of the stronger or overacting nasal muscles by speeding up the atrophy process while allowing patient's nose to heal and stabilize in the desired position. However, further studies to objectively confirm this hypothesis is required, which include comparing topographic measurements, imaging and electromyography signals before and after injections in postseptorhinoplasty patients. The authors have already planned a multicenter study to further evaluate this theory.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles/surgery
Fulltext More than meets the smile: facial muscle expression in children with Ochoa syndrome

Ganesan I, Thomas T

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Dec;66(5):507-9.
PMID: 22390114 MyJurnal

The Ochoa syndrome is the association of a non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder with abnormal facial muscle expression. Patients are at risk for renal failure due to obstructive uropathy. We report a family of three siblings, with an emphasis on the abnormalities in facial expression. Careful examination shows an unusual co-contraction of the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles only when full facial expressions are exhibited, across a range of emotional or voluntary situations. This suggests a peripheral disorder in facial muscle control. Two thirds of patients have anal sphincter abnormalities. Aberrant organisation of the facial motor and urinary-anal sphincter nuclei may explain these symptoms.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles/physiopathology*
Polar-phase indices of perioral muscle reciprocity during syllable production in Parkinson's disease

Chu SY, Barlow SM, Lee J, Wang J

Int J Speech Lang Pathol, 2017 12;19(6):616-627.
PMID: 28425760 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2016.1265587

PURPOSE: This research characterised perioral muscle reciprocity and amplitude ratio in lower lip during bilabial syllable production [pa] at three rates to understand the neuromotor dynamics and scaling of motor speech patterns in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).
METHOD: Electromyographic (EMG) signals of the orbicularis oris superior [OOS], orbicularis oris inferior [OOI] and depressor labii inferioris [DLI] were recorded during syllable production and expressed as polar-phase notations.
RESULT: PD participants exhibited the general features of reciprocity between OOS, OOI and DLI muscles as reflected in the EMG during syllable production. The control group showed significantly higher integrated EMG amplitude ratio in the DLI:OOS muscle pairs than PD participants. No speech rate effects were found in EMG muscle reciprocity and amplitude magnitude across all muscle pairs.
CONCLUSION: Similar patterns of muscle reciprocity in PD and controls suggest that corticomotoneuronal output to the facial nucleus and respective perioral muscles is relatively well-preserved in our cohort of mild idiopathic PD participants. Reduction of EMG amplitude ratio among PD participants is consistent with the putative reduction in the thalamocortical activation characteristic of this disease which limits motor cortex drive from generating appropriate commands which contributes to bradykinesia and hypokinesia of the orofacial mechanism.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles/drug effects; Facial Muscles/innervation*
Retromolar foramen and canal: a comprehensive review on its anatomy and clinical applications

Kumar Potu B, Jagadeesan S, Bhat KM, Rao Sirasanagandla S

Morphologie, 2013 Jun;97(317):31-7.
PMID: 23806306 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2013.04.004

The retromolar foramen (RMF) and retromolar canal (RMC) are the anatomical structures of the mandible located in retromolar fossa behind the third molar tooth. This foramen and canal contain neurovascular structures which provide accessory/additional innervation to the mandibular molars and the buccal area. These neurovascular contents of the canal gain more importance in medical and dental practice, because these elements are vulnerable to damage during placement of osteointegrated implants, endodontic treatment and sagittal split osteotomy surgeries and a detailed knowledge of this anatomical variation would be vital in understanding failed inferior alveolar nerve blockage, spread of infection and also metastasis. Although few studies have been conducted in the past showing the incidence and types in different population groups, a lacunae in comprehensive review of this structure is lacking. Though this variation posed challenging situations for the practicing surgeons, it has been quite neglected and the incidence of it is not well presented in all the textbooks. Hence, we made an attempt to provide a consolidated review regarding variations and clinical applications of the RMF and RMC.

Matched MeSH terms: Facial Muscles/innervation