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  1. The application of a computerised recording system to smallholder dairy extension in Malaysia
    Abu Hassan MA, Kamaruddin MI, Pharo HJ
    Acta Vet Scand Suppl, 1988;84:110-2.
    PMID: 3232593
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  2. Sperm abnormalities in Droughtmaster bulls
    Bongso TA, Jainudeen MR
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1982 Feb;14(1):58.
    PMID: 7080208
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  3. Progress in the use of computerised recording systems in dairy cow monitoring and extension in Malaysia
    Pharo HJ, Sopian MJ, Kamaruddin M, Abu Hassan MA, Cheah PF, Choo TW
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1990 May;22(2):77-88.
    PMID: 2371756
    The emphasis on cow records in Malaysian dairy extension programmes reflects the importance of herd fertility in the economics of dairying. Manual record keeping has not been able to make an impact on management due to difficulties experienced in quality control of the data and in analysing the data to produce useful information for farm managers. Computerised recording systems have been in use in Malaysia since 1985, both on government farms and in the small-holder dairy sector. The aim of both systems is firstly to improve farm efficiency by the provision of information to managers and extension workers and secondly to provide information for departmental planning purposes. The systems used in Malaysia are outlined, and the results over the first three years of operation are summarised.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  4. Effect of age at first calving and milking system on the lactation performance of F1 Bos indicus/Bos taurus crossbreds in Sabah
    Edwards MD
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1985 Nov;17(4):201-8.
    PMID: 4089967 DOI: 10.1007/BF02356977
    This paper examines the effect of age at first calving and milking system on the overall lactation performance and incidence of lactation failure of 442 F1 Bos indicus/Bos taurus dairy crossbreds in Sabah. The two types of crossbred used in the study were imported F1 Sahiwal x Friesian and locally bred Friesian x Local Indian Dairy. Heifers which did not lactate for at least 120 days or produced less than 20 kg of milk during the fourteenth week of lactation were considered to have failed to establish a lactation. The imported and locally bred heifers recorded failure rates of 23.4 and 21.4% respectively. Three milking systems were examined namely machine milking without calf, machine milking with calf and hand milking. They produced failure rates of 30, 12 and 5.6% respectively. The cows that passed recorded 120 day milk production figures of 878, 1,134 and 1,054 kg respectively. The three age groups of less than 30 months, 30 to 34 months and greater than 34 months recorded failure rates of 37, 22 and 10% respectively. The heifers machine milked without their calf which calved at less than 30 months of age recorded a failure rate of 44% while those which calved at greater than 34 months recorded a failure rate of only 17%.
    Study site: Tawau and Sebrang Livestock Breeding Centres, Sabah, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  5. Ovarian activity in beef and dairy cows with prolonged postpartum period and heifers that fail to conceive
    Yimer N, Rosnina Y, Wahid H, Saharee AA, Yap KC, Ganesamurthi P
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2010 Apr;42(4):607-15.
    PMID: 19809886 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9464-y
    The primary objectives of this study were to investigate incidence of abnormal ovarian cyclicity (AOC) and its type in dairy and beef cows with prolonged postpartum period (>90 days) and in heifers that fail to conceive. A total of 53 animals were included in the study: 17 Friesian crosses, 16 Braford crosses, eight Brangus crosses, and 12 local Kedah-Kelantan (KKX) crosses. These animals were initially checked for absence of pregnancy via palpation per rectum. Blood samples for progesterone analysis were obtained twice a week for 2 to 3 months following their spontaneous oestrous cycle, and all animals were rechecked for pregnancy at the end of the study. Progesterone analysis indicated that 33.9% of the total animals were having AOC: 18.9% with cessation of ovarian cyclicity, 9.4% with prolonged luteal phases (PLP), and 5.7% short luteal phases. The highest incidence was observed in Brangus crosses (62.5%), followed by Braford crosses (43.8%), and Friesian crosses (35.3%). In contrast, no AOC was observed in the local KKX breeds, and all of them were found to be pregnant at the end of the study. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in the incidence of AOC and its type was observed between Kedah-Kelantan crosses and the other breeds. Although not significant (p > 0.05), Friesian crosses showed a higher percentage incidence of AOC than beef cows (40% vs 36.4%), with major types being PLP (26.7%) in dairy and cessation of ovarian cycle (27.3%) in beef cows. Compared with beef heifers, beef cows showed a higher percentage of AOC (36.4% vs 28.6%) where again, cessation of cyclicity was the predominant abnormality. In conclusion, AOC reflected by abnormal endocrine pattern is a possible cause of reduction in fertility for dairy and beef cows beyond 90 days postpartum and heifers that fail to conceive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  6. Development of smallholder dairy units in Malaysia
    Wan Hassan WE, Phipps RH, Owen E
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1989 Aug;21(3):175-82.
    PMID: 2799944
    In experiments conducted over a four-year period the effect of pasture type (Setaria sphacelata and a Brachiaria decumbens/Leucaena leucocephala mixture), management system (rotational grazing and cut and carry) and level of concentrate supplement (0, 4 and 6 kg fresh weight/cow per day) on milk production in smallholder dairy units was examined. All units were 1 ha in size and stocked with five Sahiwal X Friesian cows. Milk yields/ha were higher from rotational grazing and the brachiaria/leucaena pasture when compared with the cut and carry system and the setaria pasture respectively. In subsequent experiments smallholder units were based on brachiaria/leucaena and rotational grazing. A supplement of 4 kg fresh weight of concentrate (11 MJ/kg DM and 150 g/kg DM CP) increased milk yield/ha from 7,760 to 13,045 kg while in a third trial milk yield/ha was further increased from 14,148 to 16,760 kg when concentrate level was raised from 4 to 6 kg fresh weight/day. The results indicate that smallholder dairy units in Malaysia could be economically viable and competitive with other agricultural enterprises such as rubber and oil palm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  7. Observations on Banteng cattle in Sabah
    Copland RS
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1974 May;6(2):89-94.
    PMID: 4414876
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  8. Size and shape of Kedah-Kelantan cows
    Aman A, Brown CJ, Johnson Z
    Growth, 1978 Dec;42(4):486-94.
    PMID: 750311
    Body weight and nine body measurements were recorded on 79 mature Kedah-Kelantan cows at two locations. The Kedah-Kelantan is an indigenous cattle of Malaysia. A principal component analysis was used to study size and shape as indicated by the dependence structure among measurements. The total variation among measurements associated with the first principal component which was interpreted as a measure of general size was 40.8%. The second principal component contrasted cows tall at the withers, and deep at the chest with top line sloping downward and under line sloping upward from front to rear with those having less wither height and chest depth and straighter lines. This contrast accounted for 14.3% of the variation in body dimensions. The third principal component contrasted long, narrow, and deeper cows with a more compact type. This contrast accounted for 10.7% of the variation in body dimensions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology
  9. Clinical utility of plasma progesterone and blood and plasma glucose concentrations in predicting parturition in Holstein cows
    Hiew MWH, Megahed AA, Horstman LA, Constable PD
    J Dairy Sci, 2020 Jun;103(6):5575-5590.
    PMID: 32307156 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17800
    An accurate, practical, and low-cost method for predicting parturition is urgently needed in the dairy industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in plasma progesterone concentration ([prog]) and glucose concentration in whole blood ([gluc]b) and plasma ([gluc]p) as predictors of parturition within 6, 12, and 24 h in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. Blood samples were obtained daily at approximately 0900 h from 34 primiparous and 72 multiparous Holstein cows in late gestation and the time of calving recorded to the nearest hour. Plasma [prog] was measured using an ELISA, and [gluc]b and [gluc]p using a low-cost point-of-care glucose meter. The optimal cut-point for predicting parturition was determined using binomial logistic regression with general estimating equations, because the data set consisted of repeated measures for each cow. Diagnostic test performance was evaluated by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and κ at the optimal cut-point for predicting parturition. Plasma [prog] was the most accurate predictor of parturition within 24 h (AUC = 0.96) and 12 h (AUC = 0.93), whereas [gluc]b was the most accurate predictor of parturition within 6 h (primiparous, AUC = 0.96; multiparous, AUC = 0.86). We conclude that a decrease in plasma [prog] is currently the most accurate test for predicting calving within 24 h. Measurement of [gluc]b is a promising new test for the cow-side prediction of parturition in dairy cows due to its accuracy, practicality, and low cost.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  10. The optimal number of heifer calves to be reared as dairy replacements
    Mohd Nor N, Steeneveld W, Mourits MC, Hogeveen H
    J Dairy Sci, 2015 Feb;98(2):861-71.
    PMID: 25497803 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8329
    Dairy farmers often keep almost all their newborn heifer calves despite the high cost of rearing. By rearing all heifer calves, farmers have more security and retain flexibility to cope with the uncertainty in the availability of replacement heifers in time. This uncertainty is due to mortality or infertility during the rearing period and the variation in culling rate of lactating cows. The objective of this study is to provide insight in the economically optimal number of heifer calves to be reared as replacements. A herd-level stochastic simulation model was developed specific for this purpose with a herd of 100 dairy cows; the biological part of the model consisted of a dairy herd unit and rearing unit for replacement heifers. The dairy herd unit included variation in the number of culled dairy cows. The rearing unit incorporated variation in the number of heifers present in the herd by including uncertainty in mortality and variation in fertility. The dairy herd unit and rearing unit were linked by the number of replacement heifers and culled dairy cows. When not enough replacement heifers were available to replace culled dairy cows, the herd size was temporarily reduced, resulting in an additional cost for the empty slots. When the herd size reached 100 dairy cows, the available replacement heifers that were not needed were sold. It was assumed that no purchase of cows and calves occurred. The optimal percentage of 2-wk-old heifer calves to be retained was defined as the percentage of heifer calves that minimized the average net costs of rearing replacement heifers. In the default scenario, the optimal retention was 73% and the total net cost of rearing was estimated at €40,939 per herd per year. This total net cost was 6.5% lower than when all heifer calves were kept. An earlier first-calving age resulted in an optimal retention of 75%, and the net costs of rearing were €581 per herd per year lower than in the default scenario. For herds with a lower or higher culling rate of dairy cows (10 or 40% instead of 25% in the default scenario), it was optimal to retain 35 or 100% of the heifer calves per year. Herds that had a lower or higher cost of empty slots (€50 or €120 per month instead of €82 in the default scenario) had an optimal retention of 49 or 83% per year; the optimal retention percentage was dependent on farm and herd characteristics. For Dutch dairy farming conditions, it was not optimal to keep all heifer calves.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  11. Effect of semen collection methods on the quality of pre- and post-thawed Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) spermatozoa
    Sarsaifi K, Rosnina Y, Ariff MO, Wahid H, Hani H, Yimer N, et al.
    Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2013 Dec;48(6):1006-12.
    PMID: 23808560 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12206
    This study was conducted to evaluate the response of Bali bulls (Bos javanicus) to different semen collection methods and their effects on fresh and post-thawed semen quality. The collection methods employed were electro-ejaculation (EE), transrectal massage (RM) and RM followed by EE (RM + EE). A total of 25 untrained Bali bulls (age between 2 and 4 years old) were subjected to the different semen collection methods. Fresh semen samples from all the 25 bulls were evaluated for volume, pH, general motility, live/dead ratio and abnormality using the conventional method. For fresh and frozen samples collected by EE and RM from 10 bulls, computer-assisted semen analysis system was used for precise quantitative measurement of motility, velocity and forward progression. Accucell photometer was used to measure sperm concentration in all samples, regardless fresh and frozen. Semen samples were obtained 100% of the attempts using EE, 84% using RM and 96% using RM + EE. There were no differences among the collection methods for fresh semen quality characteristics, including motility, morphology and viability, but pH and volume were higher for EE than RM and RM + EE. Higher sperm concentration was observed in semen collected by RM than the other two methods. Different age groups (2-3 and >3-4 years old) of the bulls did not show significant differences in volume, pH, sperm concentration, percentages in motility, live/dead ratio and normal sperm morphology. The quality of semen for general and progressive motility, VAP, VSL and VCL and acrosomal integrity after thawing was higher for RM than EE. In conclusion, Bali bulls appeared to respond best to EE and the combination of RM + EE than RM, as a method of semen collection, with a shorter time of stimulation required. Differences in age of the Bali bulls did not affect the semen quality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  12. Survivorship approaches to measuring and comparing cull rates for dairies
    Karuppanan P, Thurmond MC, Gardner IA
    Prev Vet Med, 1997 May;30(2):171-9.
    PMID: 9234420
    A study was undertaken to develop the use of survivorship methods in characterizing the magnitude of culling and in testing for differences in culling among dairy herds. A prospective observational study was conducted on nine herds representing 19482 cows. The cull rate derived from survivorship data was estimated as the weighted slope of the cumulative proportion of cows remaining in a herd after first parturition, where cumulative proportion was computed using a cohort life-table with intervals of 1 month. Cull rates ranged from 9.0-13.8% per 12 months of age, compared with culling density rates of 22.2-39.7 culled per 100 cow-years. Comparison of ranks of density rates, weighted-slope rates and median ages at culling among the herds illustrated that the measures were not interchangeable. An advantage of a survivorship approach to measuring culling was illustrated by the use of the Cox proportional hazards model that tested for differences in cull rates among herds. Results suggested that variation in culling among herds during the first lactation, and particularly during the first part of the first lactation, may be an important consideration in future studies of optimal culling practices. In addition to being able to compare culling among herds, a survivorship approach to measuring culling provides an estimate of the rate of removal that is not biased by age, in contrast to currently used methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  13. In vitro fertilization of follicular oocytes from the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) in Malaysia
    Takahashi Y, Nihayah M, Jainudeen MR, Hishinuma M, Kanai Y, Mori Y, et al.
    J Vet Med Sci, 1992 Aug;54(4):799-801.
    PMID: 1391198
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  14. Fulltext Clinical Utility of Plasma Fructosamine Concentration as a Hypoglycemic Biomarker during Early Lactation in Dairy Cattle
    Megahed AA, Hiew MWH, Constable PD
    J. Vet. Intern. Med., 2018 Mar;32(2):846-852.
    PMID: 29424465 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15049
    BACKGROUND: Plasma fructosamine concentration ([FRA]) is a widely used long term hyperglycemic biomarker in humans and dogs, but its clinical usefulness as a hypoglycemic biomarker in dairy cattle is uncertain.

    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between plasma [FRA] and glucose concentration ([gluc]) as well as indices of energy balance during early lactation in dairy cattle, and to characterize the influence of plasma total protein concentration ([TP]) and albumin concentration ([albumin]) on [FRA].

    ANIMALS: Convenience sample comprising 103 periparturient Holstein-Friesian cattle.

    METHODS: Plasma [gluc], [TP], [albumin], and other clinicopathologic indices of energy status were determined periodically from Day 4 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was assessed, and backfat thickness (BFT) and longissimus dorsi muscle thickness (LDT) were measured ultrasonographically. Plasma [FRA] was measured at approximately 28 days postpartum. Associations between plasma [FRA] and study variables were evaluated using Spearman's rho and stepwise forward linear regression. Statistical significance was declared at P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  15. Effect of fat supplementation on physiological and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian bulls during summer
    Butt MA, Bhatti JA, Khalique A, Shahid MQ
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2019 Nov;51(8):2595-2601.
    PMID: 31230253 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01976-1
    The objective of current study was to determine the effect of fat supplement on physiological and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian bulls during subtropical summer in Pakistan. Eighteen bulls were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) CTL, basal diet without fat supplementation; (2) FS100, basal diet with 100 g fat supplementation (Energizer-RP-10®, IFFCO, Johor, Malaysia); (3) FS200, basal diet with 200 g fat supplementation. Basal diet consisted of 50% green fodder (corn silage), 25% wheat straw, and 25% concentrate on dry matter basis. Diets were offered for 14 weeks from May to August 2016. The average daily temperature-humidity index ranged from 85 to 88 for the experimental period. The results indicated that there was no difference in dry matter intake, water intake, rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiration rate among the treatment groups. Fat supplementation did not influence semen traits including sperm motility, progressive motility, amplitude of lateral head displacement, live-to-dead ratio, normal acrosomal ridge, plasma membrane integrity, and DNA integrity. The interaction of season with fat revealed that FA200 significantly increased post thaw semen motility and progressive motility during hot humid summer (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
  16. Changes in skeletal muscle thickness and echogenicity and plasma creatinine concentration as indicators of protein and intramuscular fat mobilization in periparturient dairy cows
    Megahed AA, Hiew MWH, Ragland D, Constable PD
    J Dairy Sci, 2019 Jun;102(6):5550-5565.
    PMID: 30954258 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15063
    High-producing dairy cows experience a state of negative energy balance in the periparturient period that is partially addressed by increasing the rate of fat and protein mobilization. Previous studies have focused on the rate of fat mobilization, and consequently the rate of protein mobilization has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the change in indicators of muscle mass during early lactation using ultrasonographic measurement of muscle thickness and changes in plasma creatinine concentration. The maximum thickness of the gluteus medius and longissimus dorsi muscles of 106 Holstein cows (34 primiparous, 72 multiparous) was determined ultrasonographically on d -3, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 relative to the day of parturition. Plasma creatinine concentration was measured periodically during the same period. Mixed models analysis and Passing-Bablok regression were used to analyze the data. Gluteus medius thickness, longissimus dorsi loin thickness (LDLT), and longissimus dorsi thoracic thickness (LDTT) were decreased at 28 d postpartum compared with d 3 antepartum. Plasma creatinine concentration was weakly associated with gluteus medius thickness, LDLT, and LDTT (Spearman's rho = 0.31, 0.39, and 0.32, respectively). Plasma creatinine concentration in primiparous and multiparous cows at 28 d postpartum decreased by 0.24 and 0.30 mg/dL, respectively, compared with values 3 d antepartum. We concluded that ultrasonographic measurement of LDLT and LDTT and change in plasma creatinine concentration may provide practical methods for monitoring the rate of protein mobilization in periparturient dairy cows. Ultrasonographic examination of LDLT and LDTT therefore complements ultrasonographic measurement of backfat thickness and may be useful in the evaluation of energy reserve mobilization in periparturient dairy cows.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology
  17. Haematologic and growth response to prepartum administration of vitamin A in calves
    Salam Abdullah A, Vijchulata P, Sivarajasingam S, Ragavan K
    Growth, 1987;51(2):198-201.
    PMID: 3678931
    Injectable vitamin A was given to six pregnant beef cows in their last third of pregnancy to study the effect of this vitamin in their calves. Average birth weight and growth rate of calves from the treated cows were higher than that of calves from the nontreated cows. Prepartum vitamin A injections also resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total serum protein and globulin fraction of serum protein in calves of treated cows.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
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