Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosco) is widely used in foods as a spice all around the world. It has been reported to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. We investigated the effect of ginger in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: group 1 and 2 served as controls and they received normal rat chow and olive oil respectively. Group 3 was fed with ginger oleoresin dissolved in olive oil at 100 mg/kg body wt. Group 4 was fed with choline deficient diet and 0.1% ethionine in drinking water (CDE diet), and group 5 received ginger with CDE diet. Blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus at 0 and 8 weeks of experiment for the determination of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde (MDA). Rats were also killed at 8 weeks for the observation of liver tumor formation. CDE diet induced the formation of liver nodules in rats and increased SOD activity. However, it had no effect on catalase, GPx and MDA levels when compared to both controls at 8 weeks of experiment. When CDE rats were treated with ginger, the formation of liver tumour, SOD activity and MDA level reduced, catalase activity was increased but no change was observed for GPx activity when compared to CDE group. In conclusion, ginger supplementation suppressed liver carcinogenesis by scavenging the free radical formation, and by reducing lipid peroxidation.
Ductal stenting is an attractive alternative to conventional shunt surgery in duct dependent congenital heart disease as it avoids thoracotomy and its related problems. With today's generation of coronary stents which have better profile, flexibility and trackability, ductal stenting may be achieved safely and with considerably less difficulty than previously described.As in Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt, ductal stenting is indicated mainly in duct-dependent cyanotic lesions chiefly in the neonatal period. Unlike the Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as an isolated lesion, the ductus in cyanotic heart disease has a remarkable morphologic variability. The ductus tends to arise more proximally under the aortic arch, giving rise to a vertical ductus or occasionally it may arise from the subclavian artery. It also tends to be long and sometimes very tortuous, rendering stent implantation technically impossible. The ductus in these patients may also insert onto one of the branch pulmonary arteries with some stenosis at the site of insertion. The ductus in Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (TOF-PA) tend to exhibit these morphologic features and to a lesser degree in transposition of great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary atresia (TGA-VSD-PA) and the more complex forms of univentricular hearts. In the preliminary angiographic evaluation, it is important to delineate these morphologic features as the basis for case selection.Ductal stenting may be done by the retrograde femoral artery route or the antegrade transvenous route depending on the ductus morphology and the underlying cardiac lesion. The detailed techniques and essential hardware are described. Finally, major potential complications of the procedure are described. Acute stent thrombosis is the most serious and potentially catastrophic. Emergent treatment with thrombolytic therapy and mechanical disruption of thrombus are required. With proper case selection, appropriate technique and the right hardware ductal stenting provides reasonable short-medium term palliation in duct-dependent cyanotic heart disease.
In the introduction three stages are distinguished in the relation between the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the tropics: (1) Development of a veterinary infrastructure (research and education) in the former colonies, Netherlands-Indies, Surinam and The Netherlands Antilles (1850 - ca. 1949); (2) Developing Aid Assistance (1965-2000) and (3) Cooperation on the basis of bilateral treaties that express the mutual interests of the two countries involved (1993-today). The Faculty in Utrecht entered into such alliances with sister faculties in Thailand, South-Africa and Malaysia. As a result of internal and external factors the study of tropical veterinary medicine was no longer core business of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht. Tropical veterinary medicine was incorporated in the Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine. The Office for International Cooperation of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1987, partly took over the role of the former institute. Its activities are education and information, research support of the ongoing projects and networking. The accent moved from aid to cooperation for mutual interest.
MeSH terms: Animals; Faculty, Medical; Humans; International Cooperation/history*; Malaysia; Netherlands; Netherlands Antilles; South Africa; Suriname; Tropical Medicine/history*; Veterinary Medicine/history*; Veterinary Medicine/organization & administration; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century
Few data are available on soil ciliates from Asia. Thus, seven samples were collected in Singapore in February 1987 and investigated between December 1987 and May 1989, using the non-flooded Petri dish method, live observation, and silver impregnation. One hundred and three ciliate taxa, all new for the fauna of Singapore and Malaysia, were found. This applies also to Hemimastix amphikineta, a highly characteristic, euglenid flagellate with Gondwanan distribution. At least three undescribed ciliate species were discovered, viz., Ottowphrya magna, which has been published by Foissner (1993), Dileptus microstoma Vd'ačný & Foissner (2008), and Suturothrix monoarmata, which is described in the present paper. The new genus Suturothrix belongs to the order Haptorida and is unique in having a heteromorphic dorsal brush consisting of three staggered rows, thus forming a suture with the last right side ciliary row. Suturothrix monoarmata is a slender, middle-sized (~ 100 × 15 μm) ciliate easily recognisable by the single or two thick extrusomes in the centre of the minute oral bulge. The species is not restricted to Asia but has been found also in soil from the Amazon floodplain, Brazil.
The Pb(IV) atom of the anion of the title salt, (C(7)H(11)N(2))(2)[PbBr(4)(C(6)H(5))(2)], is situated on a crystallographic center of inversion and exhibits a tetra-gonally compressed octa-hedral coordination. One of the two independent Br atoms acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor towards the NH group of the cation.
In the title compound, [Re(CF(3)COO)(CH(3)CN)(2)(CO)(3)], the Re atom has a distorted octa-hedral configuration. The two acetonitrile mol-ecules and two of the three carbonyl groups occupy the equatorial plane of the complex, with the third carbonyl ligand and the trifluoroacetato ligand in the axial positions. The three carbonyl ligands are arranged in a fac configuration around the Re atom. The CF(3) segment of the trifluoroacetato ligand shows rotational disorder and the refined site-occupancy factors of the disordered parts are ca 0.5/0.5. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds.
The mol-ecule of the title Schiff base compound, C(16)H(14)I(2)N(2), lies across a crystallographic inversion centre. An intra-molecular C-H⋯I hydrogen bond forms a five-membered ring, producing an S(5) ring motif. The C=N bond is coplanar with the benzene ring and adopts a trans configuration. Within the mol-ecule, the planar units are parallel, but extend in opposite directions from the dimethyl-ene bridge. An inter-esting feature of the crystal structure is the short I⋯N [3.2096 (15) Å] inter-action, which is significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into one-dimensional extended chains along the c axis and also into one-dimensional extended chains along the b axis through short inter-molecular I⋯N inter-actions, forming two-dimensional networks parallel to the bc plane.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(5)H(7)N(2) (+)·C(7)H(4)NO(4) (-)·C(7)H(5)NO(4), consists of an amino-pyridinium cation, a 4-nitro-benzoate anion and a neutral 4-nitro-benzoic acid mol-ecule. The pyridine ring forms dihedral angles of 64.70 (5)° and 70.37 (5)°, respectively, with the benzene rings of 4-nitro-benzoic acid and 4-nitro-benzoate. In the crystal structure, the cations, anions and the neutral 4-nitro-benzoic acid mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). Adjacent networks are cross-linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances 3.6339 (6) and 3.6566 (6) Å].
The mol-ecule of the title centrosymmetric Schiff base compound, C(16)H(12)Cl(2)F(2)N(2), adopts an E configuration with respect to the azomethine C=N bond. The imino groups are coplanar with the aromatic rings. Within the mol-ecule, the planar units are parallel, but extend in opposite directions from the dimethyl-ene bridge. An inter-esting feature of the crystal structure is the short inter-molecular Cl⋯F [3.1747 (5) Å] inter-actions, which are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. These inter-actions link neighbouring mol-ecules along the b axis. The crystal structure is further stabilized by π-π inter-actions, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.5244 (4) Å.
The mol-ecule of the title Schiff base compound, C(16)H(12)Br(2)F(2)N(2), lies across a crystallographic inversion centre and adopts an E configuration with respect to the azomethine C=N bonds. The imino groups are coplanar with the aromatic rings. Within the mol-ecule, the planar units are parallel, but extend in opposite directions from the dimethyl-ene bridge. An inter-esting feature of the crystal structure is the short inter-molecular Br⋯F inter-actions [3.2347 (16) Å, which is shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms]. These inter-actions link neighbouring mol-ecules along the c axis. The crystal structure is further stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
In the crystal of the title compound, C(9)H(8)Br(2)O(2), inversion dimers linked by two O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur. All of the carbon and oxygen atoms are disordered over two sets of sites in a 2:1 ratio.
In the title compound, C(37)H(38)N(4)O(6), four five-membered nitro-gen-bearing rings are nearly coplanar. Two N atoms in two these five-membered rings have attached H atoms, which contribute to the formation of intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds [N⋯N = 2.713 (5)-3.033 (6) Å].
In the title centrosymmetric dinuclear complex, [Cu(2)(C(15)H(11)BrN(2)O(3)S)(2)(C(2)H(6)OS)(2)], the Cu(II) ion is N,O-chelated by a dianionic ligand, monocoordinated by the sulfonamide N atom of a symmetry-related ligand and coordinated by an O atom from a dimethyl sulfoxide ligand, forming a distorted square-planar coordination geometry.
The Zn atom in the title compound, [Zn(C(17)H(14)ClN(2)O)(2)], is N,O-chelated by two deprotonated Schiff base monoanionic ligands in a tetra-hedral coordination geometry. The Zn atom lies on a special position of site symmetry 2.
In the title compound, C(13)H(12)N(2)O(4)S, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 89.5 (1)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O(hydr-oxy) and N-H⋯O(sulfon-yl) hydrogen bonds, forming a ribbon that propagates along the b axis; there is also an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond.
In the title compound, [Ni(C(22)H(26)N(2)O(2))]·CH(3)OH·CHCl(3), the Ni(II) ion is in a slightly distorted square-planar geometry involving an N(2)O(2) atom set of the tetra-dentate Schiff base ligand. The asymmetric unit contains one mol-ecule of the complex and one mol-ecule each of chloro-form and methanol. The methanol mol-ecule is hydrogen bonded to the phenolate O atoms. In the crystal structure, short inter-molecular distances between the centroids of six-membered chelate rings [3.7002 (9) Å] indicate the presence of π-π inter-actions, which link the mol-ecules into stacks along the a axis. In addition, there are Ni⋯Ni distances which are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of two Ni atoms. The crystal structure is further stabilized by inter-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and weak inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions linking mol-ecules into extended one-dimensional chains along the c axis.
The crystal structure of the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(3)Cl(H(2)O)]·C(12)H(8)N(2), which was refined in the triclinic space group P [Fu, Gao, Ma & Zhang (2005 ▶). Chin. J. Synth. Chem. 13, 55-57], has been redetermined in the monoclinic space group C2/c from low-temperature diffraction measurements. The Sn atom is five-coordinate in a trans-C(3)SnClO trigonal-bipyramidal geometry; the coordinated water mol-ecule forms a pair of hydrogen bonds to the nitro-gen heterocycle.
In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cr(3)(C(2)Cl(3)O(2))(7)O(H(2)O)(2)]·3CH(3)CN, the trinuclear [Cr(3)O(H(2)O)(2)(Cl(3)CCO(2))(7)] mol-ecule has an oxide O atom that is connected to one monodentate trichloro-acetate-coordinated and two water-coordinated Cr(III) atoms, the three metal atoms forming the points of an equilateral triangle. Each of the six remaining carboxyl-ate groups bridges a Cr-O-Cr fragment. The cluster inter-acts with the three solvent mol-ecules through water-acetonitrile O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Adjacent clusters are linked by a water-carboxylate O-H⋯O hydrogen bond to give a helical chain. One of the CCl(3) groups was found to be disordered over two positions, with the major component having a site-occupancy factor of 0.64 (1).
The Sn atom in the title compound, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(7)H(5)O(3))(2)], is chelated by the carboxyl-ate groups of 2-hydroxy-benzoate liagnds, and exists in a six-coordinate skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal coordination geometry [C-Sn-C = 140.1 (3)°].
In the crystal structure, the title Schiff base compound, C(21)H(26)N(2)O(4), has twofold rotation symmetry. The imino group is coplanar with the aromatic ring. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond forms a six- membered ring, producing an S(6) ring motif. The two benzene rings are almost perpendicular to each other, making a dihedral angle of 85.00 (2)°. The meth-oxy group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring, with a C-O-C-C torsion angle of 2.34 (12)°. Neighbouring mol-ecules are linked together by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a C-H⋯π inter-action, forming a sheet parallel to the ab plane. The mol-ecules also adopt a zigzag arrangement along the c axis.