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It is strongly recommended to not conduct, fund, or publish research studies that use spot urine samples with estimating equations to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes: a policy statement of the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Resolve to Save Lives

Campbell NRC 1 , Whelton PK 2 , Orias M 3 , Cobb LL 4 , Jones ESW 5 , Garg R 4 Show all authors , Willliams B 6 , Khan N 7 , Chia YC 8 , Jafar TH 9 , Ide N 4 , World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension, Resolve to Save Lives

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
  • 2 Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
  • 3 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
  • 4 Resolve to Save Lives, New York, New York, USA
  • 5 Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • 6 University College London, NIHR University College London, Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
  • 7 Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • 8 Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Live Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 9 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
J Hypertens, 2023 May 01;41(5):683-686.
PMID: 36723484 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003385

Abstract

Spot urine samples with estimating equations have been used to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes. There is large random and systematic error in estimating sodium intake using this method and spurious health outcome associations. Substantial controversy has resulted from false claims the method is valid. Hence, the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Resolve to Save Lives, supported by 21 other health organizations, have issued this policy statement that strongly recommends that research using spot urine samples with estimating equations to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes should not be conducted, funded or published. Literature reviews on the health impacts of reducing dietary sodium that include studies that have used spot and short duration timed urine samples with estimating equations need to explicitly acknowledge that the method is not recommended to be used and is associated with spurious health outcome associations.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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