A novel encapsulation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum sludge with palm oil fuel ash binder; an optimization study and sensitivity analysis using machine learning application

Roslee NF 1 , Kamil NAFM 2 , Alias S 3 , Senthil Kumar P 4 , Alkhadher S 5 , Muthusamy G 6 Show all authors , Al-Gheethi A 7

Affiliations 

  • 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
  • 2 Micro Pollutant Research Center, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: noramani@uthm.edu.my
  • 3 Centre for Civil Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Branch, Seberang Prai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  • 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
  • 5 Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 6 Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, And Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India
  • 7 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Newcastle, Australia. Electronic address: adel@uthm.edu.my
Chemosphere, 2023 Sep;334:139037.
PMID: 37244559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139037

Abstract

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has limited use as a fertilizer, while contribute effectively to the environmental contamination and health risks. Petroleum sludge poses a serious effect on the ecological environment and human health. The present work aimed to present a novel encapsulation process with POFA binder for treating petroleum sludge. Among 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, four compounds were selected for the optimization of encapsulation process due to their high risk as carcinogenic substrates. Percentage PS (10-50%) and curing days (7-28 days) factors were used in the optimization process. The leaching test of PAHs was assessed using a GC-MS. The best operating parameters to minimize PAHs leaching from solidified cubes with OPC and10% POFA were recorded with 10% PS and after 28 days, at which PAH leaching was 4.255 and 0.388 ppm with R2 is 0.90%. Sensitivity analysis of the actual and predicted results for both the control and the test (OPC and 10% POFA) revealed that the actual results of the 10% POFA experiments have a high consistency with the predicted data (R2 0.9881) while R2 in the cement experiments was 0.8009. These differences were explained based on the responses of PAH leaching toward percentage of PS and days of cure. In the OPC encapsulation process, the main role was belonged to PS% (94.22%), while with 10% POFA, PS% contributed by 32.36 and cure day contributed by 66.91%.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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