Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for metabolic syndrome therapy: Assessing efficacy with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities. The prevalence of MetS has surged, transforming it into a pressing public health concern that could potentially affect around 20%-25% of the global population. As MetS continues its ascent, diverse interventions, pharmacological, nonpharmacological and combined have been deployed. Yet, a comprehensive remedy that fully eradicates MetS symptoms remains elusive, compounded by the risks of polypharmacy's emergence. Acknowledging the imperative to grasp MetS's intricate pathologies, deeper insights for future research and therapy optimisation become paramount. Conventional treatments often target specific syndrome elements. However, a novel approach emerges in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) therapy, promising a holistic shift. MSC-EVs, tiny membranous vesicles secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, have garnered immense attention for their multifaceted bioactivity and regenerative potential. Their ability to modulate inflammation, enhance tissue repair and regulate metabolic pathways has prompted researchers to explore their therapeutic application in MetS. This review primarily aims to provide an overview of how MSC-EVs therapy can improve metabolic parameters in subjects with MetS disease and also introduce the usefulness of NMR spectroscopy in assessing the efficacy of MSC-EVs therapy for treating MetS.