Prevalence of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome using three different definitions and identifying associated risk factors among apparently healthy adults in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey in the year 2022

Adil SO 1 , Musa KI 2 , Uddin F 3 , Khan A 4 , Khan I 5 , Shakeel A 6 Show all authors , Shafique K 7 , Islam MA 8

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. omair.adil@student.usm.my
  • 2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 3 Department of Community Medicine, Dow International Medical College, DUHS, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 4 Public Health Department, Baqai Institute of Diabetology & Endocrinology, 75340, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 5 Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  • 6 Department of Research, Children Hospital, 75300, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 7 School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 8 WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK. m.a.islam@bham.ac.uk
Arch Public Health, 2024 Feb 20;82(1):22.
PMID: 38378657 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01250-3

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome (MetS) using three different definitions among apparently healthy adults of Karachi, Pakistan.

METHODS: This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2022 to August 2022. A total of 1065 healthy individuals aged 25-80 years of any gender were consecutively included. MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III guidelines, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and modified NCEP-ATP III.

RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was highest with the modified NCEP-ATP III definition at 33.9% (95% CI: 31-36), followed by the IDF definition at 32.2% (95% CI: 29-35). In contrast, the prevalence was lower at 22.4% (95% CI: 19-25) when using the NCEP ATP III definition. The risk of MetS significantly increases with higher BMI, as defined by the IDF criteria (adjusted OR [ORadj] 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-2.43), NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.19), and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.16, 95% CI 1.12-1.20). Current smokers had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the IDF (ORadj 2.72, 95% CI 1.84-4.03), NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 3.93, 95% CI 2.55-6.06), and modified NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 0.62, 95% CI 0.43-0.88). Areca nut use was associated with higher odds of MetS according to both IDF (ORadj 1.71, 95% CI 1.19-2.47) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.72). Furthermore, low physical activity had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.84) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.26).

CONCLUSION: One-third of the healthy individuals were diagnosed with MetS based on IDF, NCEP-ATP III, and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. A higher BMI, current smoking, areca nut use, and low physical activity were significant factors.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Similar publications