Affiliations 

  • 1 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, 16100, Malaysia. shams88ns@gmail.com
  • 2 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, 16100, Malaysia
  • 3 Biology Department, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 3900, Kigali, Rwanda
  • 4 Research Center for Infectious Diseases, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, 26900, Italy
  • 6 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
Ir Vet J, 2024 Feb 28;77(1):4.
PMID: 38418988 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-024-00264-1

Abstract

Globally, Mastitis is a disease commonly affecting dairy cattle which leads to the use of antimicrobials. The majority of mastitis etiological agents are bacterial pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant causative agent. Antimicrobial treatment is administered mainly via intramammary and intramuscular routes. Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) often associated with antimicrobial misuse, the treatment of mastitis is becoming challenging with less alternative treatment options. Besides, biofilms formation and ability of mastitis-causing bacteria to enter and adhere within the cells of the mammary epithelium complicate the treatment of bovine mastitis. In this review article, we address the challenges in treating mastitis through conventional antibiotic treatment because of the rising AMR, biofilms formation, and the intracellular survival of bacteria. This review article describes different alternative treatments including phytochemical compounds, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), phage therapy, and Graphene Nanomaterial-Based Therapy that can potentially be further developed to complement existing antimicrobial therapy and overcome the growing threat of AMR in etiologies of mastitis.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.