Treatment avenues for age-related macular degeneration: Breakthroughs and bottlenecks

Kumbhar P 1 , Kolekar K 1 , Vishwas S 2 , Shetti P 3 , Kumbar V 4 , Andreoli Pinto TJ 5 Show all authors , Paiva-Santos AC 6 , Veiga F 6 , Gupta G 7 , Singh SK 8 , Dua K 9 , Disouza J 10 , Patravale V 11

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416 113, India
  • 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144 411, India
  • 3 Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, India
  • 4 Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, India. Electronic address: vijaykumbarbtg@gmail.com
  • 5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Street, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
  • 6 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  • 7 Center for Global Health research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 8 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144 411, India; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia
  • 9 Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
  • 10 Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416 113, India. Electronic address: jidisouza@tkcpwarana.ac.in
  • 11 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India. Electronic address: vb.patravale@ictmumbai.edu.in
Ageing Res Rev, 2024 Jul;98:102322.
PMID: 38723753 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102322

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant factor contributing to serious vision loss in adults above 50. The presence of posterior segment barriers serves as chief roadblocks in the delivery of drugs to treat AMD. The conventional treatment strategies use is limited due to its off-targeted distribution in the eye, shorter drug residence, poor penetration and bioavailability, fatal side effects, etc. The above-mentioned downside necessitates drug delivery using some cutting-edge technology including diverse nanoparticulate systems and microneedles (MNs) which provide the best therapeutic delivery alternative to treat AMD efficiently. Furthermore, cutting-edge treatment modalities including gene therapy and stem cell therapy can control AMD effectively by reducing the boundaries of conventional therapies with a single dose. This review discusses AMD overview, conventional therapies for AMD and their restrictions, repurposed therapeutics and their anti-AMD activity through different mechanisms, and diverse barriers in drug delivery for AMD. Various nanoparticulate-based approaches including polymeric NPs, lipidic NPs, exosomes, active targeted NPs, stimuli-sensitive NPs, cell membrane-coated NPs, inorganic NPs, and MNs are explained. Gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and therapies in clinical trials to treat AMD are also discussed. Further, bottlenecks of cutting-edge (nanoparticulate) technology-based drug delivery are briefed. In a nutshell, cutting-edge technology-based therapies can be an effective way to treat AMD.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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