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Evaluation of diesel engine performance and emissions using biodiesel from waste oils synthesized with Fe3O4-SiO2 heterogeneous nano catalyst

Mohammad SIS 1 , Vasudevan A 2 , Prasad KDV 3 , Ali IR 4 , Kumar A 5 , Kulshreshta A 6 Show all authors , Mann VS 7 , Sapaev IB 8 , Kalyani T 9 , Sina M 10

Affiliations 

  • 1 Electronic Marketing and Social Media, Economic and Administrative Sciences Zarqa University, Jordan
  • 2 Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
  • 3 Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
  • 4 Optics Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Hillah, Iraq
  • 5 Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
  • 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560069, India
  • 7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh College of Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
  • 8 Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  • 9 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 531162, India
  • 10 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
Heliyon, 2025 Jan 15;11(1):e41416.
PMID: 39839518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41416

Abstract

PURPOSE: Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuel used in compression ignition engines. This work aimed to develop Fe3O4/SiO2 as a cheap, magnetic, and easy separable catalyst for biodiesel production from waste oil by sono-catalytic transesterification.

METHODS: Fe₃O₄-SiO₂ was prepared using a modified Stober method and used as a heterogeneous catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. The tests were designed by the Response surface methodology by considering the molar ratio of methanol to oil (M/O), catalyst weight percentage, and sonication time as independent factors. The produced biodiesel in diesel generator engines and the emission of pollutants were evaluated.

RESULTS: The optimal production conditions were determined using the response surface methodology, which included a molar ratio of 8.30, a catalyst weight percentage of 5.30, and a sonication time of 30.02 min. The Pareto analysis indicated that the sonication time is the most important factor in the sono-catalytic transesterification of waste oil. The evaluation of the produced fuel showed that with an increase in the percentage of biodiesel in the engine's fuel input, CO emissions decreased by 0.027 % and smoke levels by 24 %, while NOx levels increased by 495 ppm. Additionally, the increase in biodiesel percentage led to a rise in brake-specific power by 44.6 kW and brake-specific fuel consumption by 89 g/kWh though brake torque decreased by 87 Nm.

CONCLUSION: The study introduces significant advancements in biodiesel production technology through combining heterogeneous catalysis and ultrasound processing, optimizing production parameters for efficiency and sustainability while demonstrating improved environmental performance in diesel engines.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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