Stress modulates pain perception, resulting in either stress-induced analgesia or stressinduced
hyperalgesia, as reported in both animal and human studies. The responses to stress include
neural, endocrine, and behavioural changes, and built-in coping strategies are in place to address
stressors. Peculiar to humans are additional factors that modulate pain that are experienced in
times of stress, notably psychological factors that potentially influence the directionality of pain
perception.