Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 2 Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 3 Diabetes Clinic, Al-Swity Center for Dermatology and Chronic Diseases, Palestinian Territory, Occupied
  • 4 General Directorate of Allied Health Professions, Ministry of Health, Palestinian Territory, Occupied
  • 5 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Besut Campus, Kuala terraenganu, Malaysia
Curr Diabetes Rev, 2021;17(9):e011121190176.
PMID: 33430750 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817999210111205532

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM), which is defined as high blood glucose level, is a major public health issue worldwide. An enormous amount of data has been gathered regarding DM as populations have been living with it for more than a decade; however, continually updating our knowledge of DM remains important. Comorbidities are among the major challenges associated with DM. Poorly controlled DM, especially type 2 DM (T2DM), is considered a risk factor for many diseases, including but not limited to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Complications might appear over time as the aging process changes body functions; moreover, a significant number of antidiabetic medications are eventually cleared by the kidneys, thereby increasing the burden on kidney function and placing diabetic patients at risk. The significantly high number of patients with uncontrolled diabetes resulting from kidney disease shows the impact of this condition on the quality of life of patients. This review presents an overview of the pathophysiology, etiology, and prevalence of CKD and abnormal renal parameters correlated with poorly controlled T2DM, with an emphasis on clinical studies involving the association between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and CKD among patients with T2DM.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.