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COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations

Romdhani M 1 , Rae DE 2 , Nédélec M 3 , Ammar A 4 , Chtourou H 5 , Al Horani R 6 Show all authors , Ben Saad H 7 , Bragazzi N 8 , Dönmez G 9 , Driss T 10 , Fullagar HHK 11 , Farooq A 12 , Garbarino S 13 , Hammouda O 10 , Hassanmirzaei B 14 , Khalladi K 12 , Khemila S 15 , Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ 16 , Moussa-Chamari I 17 , Mujika I 18 , Muñoz Helú H 19 , Norouzi Fashkhami A 20 , Paineiras-Domingos LL 21 , Rahbari Khaneghah M 20 , Saita Y 22 , Trabelsi K 5 , Vitale JA 23 , Washif JA 24 , Weber J 25 , Souissi N 15 , Taylor L 26 , Chamari K 12

Affiliations 

  • 1 High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia. romdhaniroma@gmail.com
  • 2 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 3 Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
  • 4 Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
  • 5 High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
  • 6 Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  • 7 Université de Sousse, Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) "Insuffisance Cardiaque", Sousse, Tunisie
  • 8 Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  • 9 Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • 10 Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2) UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  • 11 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 12 Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
  • 13 Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  • 14 Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 15 Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, 1003, Tunis, Tunisia
  • 16 Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 17 Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 18 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
  • 19 Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
  • 20 Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran
  • 21 Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 22 Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 23 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
  • 24 Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 25 Neurocognition and Action, Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  • 26 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
Sports Med, 2021 Dec 08.
PMID: 34878639 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01601-y

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed 'lockdown' from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors.

METHODS: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18-61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors.

RESULTS: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8 ± 4.7 to 7.2 ± 6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p 

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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