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Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents

Washif JA 1 , Farooq A 2 , Krug I 3 , Pyne DB 4 , Verhagen E 5 , Taylor L 6 Show all authors , Wong DP 7 , Mujika I 8 , Cortis C 9 , Haddad M 10 , Ahmadian O 11 , Al Jufaili M 12 , Al-Horani RA 13 , Al-Mohannadi AS 14 , Aloui A 15 , Ammar A 16 , Arifi F 17 , Aziz AR 18 , Batuev M 19 , Beaven CM 20 , Beneke R 21 , Bici A 22 , Bishnoi P 23 , Bogwasi L 24 , Bok D 25 , Boukhris O 15 , Boullosa D 26 , Bragazzi N 27 , Brito J 28 , Cartagena RPP 29 , Chaouachi A 30 , Cheung SS 31 , Chtourou H 15 , Cosma G 32 , Debevec T 33 , DeLang MD 34 , Dellal A 35 , Dönmez G 36 , Driss T 37 , Peña Duque JD 38 , Eirale C 39 , Elloumi M 40 , Foster C 41 , Franchini E 42 , Fusco A 9 , Galy O 43 , Gastin PB 44 , Gill N 20 , Girard O 45 , Gregov C 25 , Halson S 46 , Hammouda O 47 , Hanzlíková I 20 , Hassanmirzaei B 48 , Haugen T 49 , Hébert-Losier K 20 , Muñoz Helú H 50 , Herrera-Valenzuela T 51 , Hettinga FJ 19 , Holtzhausen L 2 , Hue O 52 , Dello Iacono A 53 , Ihalainen JK 54 , James C 55 , Janse van Rensburg DC 56 , Joseph S 57 , Kamoun K 30 , Khaled M 58 , Khalladi K 2 , Kim KJ 59 , Kok LY 60 , MacMillan L 61 , Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ 62 , Matsunaga R 63 , Memishi S 64 , Millet GP 65 , Moussa-Chamari I 10 , Musa DI 66 , Nguyen HMT 67 , Nikolaidis PT 68 , Owen A 69 , Padulo J 70 , Pagaduan JC 71 , Perera NP 72 , Pérez-Gómez J 73 , Pillay L 56 , Popa A 74 , Pudasaini A 75 , Rabbani A 76 , Rahayu T 77 , Romdhani M 15 , Salamh P 78 , Sarkar AS 79 , Schillinger A 80 , Seiler S 81 , Setyawati H 77 , Shrestha N 75 , Suraya F 77 , Tabben M 2 , Trabelsi K 82 , Urhausen A 83 , Valtonen M 84 , Weber J 85 , Whiteley R 2 , Zrane A 86 , Zerguini Y 87 , Zmijewski P 88 , Sandbakk Ø 89 , Ben Saad H 90 , Chamari K 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. jad@isn.gov.my
  • 2 Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
  • 3 Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 4 Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  • 5 Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 6 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
  • 7 School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong
  • 8 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
  • 9 Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
  • 10 Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 11 Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran
  • 12 Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Alkhoudh, Oman
  • 13 Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  • 14 World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
  • 15 Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Unit (UR18JS01), National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia
  • 16 Institute of Sport Sciences, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
  • 17 Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Pristina, Kosovo
  • 18 Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  • 19 Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
  • 20 Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
  • 21 Division of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  • 22 Applied Motion Department, Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
  • 23 Physiotherapy Department, Minerva Punjab Academy and Football Club, Mohali, Punjab, India
  • 24 Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana
  • 25 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 26 INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
  • 27 Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
  • 28 Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
  • 29 Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
  • 30 Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
  • 31 Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
  • 32 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  • 33 Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 34 Right to Dream Academy, Old Akrade, Ghana
  • 35 Sport Science and Research Department, Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Lyon, France
  • 36 Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 37 Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  • 38 Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 39 Paris Saint Germain FC, Paris, France
  • 40 Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 41 Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
  • 42 Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 43 Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Avenue James Cook, 98800, Nouméa, New Caledonia
  • 44 Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 45 School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  • 46 School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, McAuley at Banyo, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 47 Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
  • 48 Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 49 School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  • 50 Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México
  • 51 Department of Sport Science and Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
  • 52 Laboratoire ACTES, UFR-STAPS, Université Des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, France
  • 53 School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
  • 54 Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
  • 55 Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 56 Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  • 57 High Performance Director, Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India
  • 58 SEHA, Singapore, Singapore
  • 59 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  • 60 Department of Sport Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 61 Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, Fulham, London, UK
  • 62 Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
  • 63 Antlers Sports Clinic, Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan
  • 64 Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, North Macedonia
  • 65 Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 66 Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
  • 67 Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
  • 68 School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Attica, Greece
  • 69 University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  • 70 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  • 71 School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
  • 72 Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
  • 73 Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
  • 74 Health and Sport Science Department, Educational Faculty, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
  • 75 Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal
  • 76 Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  • 77 Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
  • 78 Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
  • 79 Bashundhara Kings, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
  • 80 Miskawaan Health Group, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 81 Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 82 High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  • 83 Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  • 84 Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  • 85 Institute for Sports Science, CAU of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
  • 86 Department of Physiology and Lung Function Testing, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
  • 87 FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
  • 88 Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  • 89 Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  • 90 Laboratoire de Recherche "Insuffisance Cardiaque" (LR12SP09), Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisie
Sports Med, 2022 04;52(4):933-948.
PMID: 34687439 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

METHODS: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020).

RESULTS: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered "coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)" to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, 

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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