METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of childhood primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease from three tertiary centers in Singapore and Malaysia.

RESULTS: Of 24 patients (boys, 58%; median age at diagnosis: 6.3 years) with primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, n = 21; Crohn's disease, n = 1; undifferentiated, n = 2), 63% (n = 15) were diagnosed during follow-up for colitis, and 21% (n = 5) presented with acute or chronic hepatitis, 17% (n = 4) presented simultaneously. Disease phenotype of liver involvement showed 79% had sclerosing cholangitis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap, 54% large duct disease, and 46% small duct disease. All patients received immunosuppression therapy. At final review after a median [±S.D.] duration follow-up of 4.7 [±3.8] years, 12.5% patients had normal liver enzymes, 75% persistent disease, and 12.5% liver failure. The proportion of patients with liver cirrhosis increased from 13% at diagnosis to 29%; 21% had portal hypertension, and 17% had liver dysfunction. One patient required liver transplant. Transplant-free survival was 95%. For colitis, 95% had pancolitis, 27% rectal sparing, and 11% backwash ileitis at initial presentation. At final review, 67% patients had quiescent bowel disease with immunosuppression. One patient who had UC with pancolitis which was diagnosed at 3 years old developed colorectal cancer at 22 years of age. All patients survived.

METHODS: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2023 study for 131 LMICs. Incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed using absolute counts and age-standardized rates. Trends were assessed with estimated annual percentage changes, Joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort analysis, correlations with sociodemographic index (SDI), and decomposition analysis.

RESULTS: In 2023, encephalitis in LMICs caused 1.59 million incident cases, 5.21 million prevalent cases, 70,042 deaths, and 4.07 million DALYs. From 1990 to 2023, incident cases increased by 24.7%, while the age-standardized incidence rate fell from 29.57 to 25.15 per 100,000 person-years (EAPC, -0.71; 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.59). Age-standardized mortality and DALY rates also declined, with EAPCs of -1.97 and -2.20. Incidence reached a low point around 2010 before rising again, particularly after 2019. The burden was greatest in children and older adults. Higher SDI was associated with lower age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALY rates (ρ = -0.59, -0.41, and -0.56, respectively; all p < 0.001). Population growth accounted for most of the increase in case numbers.

METHODS: A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to the prospective Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) dataset. The main exposure was country income status (defined by the World Bank), and the main outcome was neurological outcomes (measured by cerebral performance category score). Sensitivity analyses were run to evaluate the robustness of our findings.

RESULTS: Out of a total of 207,450 PAROS cases between 2009-2018, 168,967 OHCA cases were included in the study. 165,404 cases were from high-income countries and 3,563 cases were from middle-income countries. All pediatric, pronounced dead at scene, unknown on-scene survival status, no resuscitation attempted, and traumatic cases were excluded from the analysis. A larger proportion of OHCA patients in high-income countries survived with favorable neurological outcomes (3.65%) compared to middle-income countries (0.75%). High-income countries were associated with better neurological outcomes (AOR 9.05; 95% CI 6.27 to 13.72). Results remained consistent throughout sensitivity analyses.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights.

RESULTS: In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle-income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050.