Sport engagement plays a crucial role in promoting physical well-being, fostering social connections, and enhancing overall quality of life. However, various factors, including financial constraints and limited resources, can serve as barriers to sport participation. Additionally, volunteerism has been recognized as a significant contributor to the growth and development of sports in communities. This research study aims to explore the relationship between the cost of sport engagement and volunteerism among individuals in Malaysia. This study was conducted to test the effect of sponsorship, expenditure and volunteering on activeness. A causal correlation study was conducted comprising a total of 501 young people in Malaysia who were selected randomly. This study found that sponsorship, expenditure and volunteerism towards activeness amongst youth are at a moderate level. The findings also showed that sponsorship (β = 0.035, sig = 0.682, p > 0.05) and voluntary (β = 0.098, sig = 0.192, p > 0.05) have no significant contribution towards activeness, the sponsorship and volunteering are not factors which contribute to changes in activeness. However, there is a significant effect of expenditure as an intermediary in the relationship between sponsorship and activeness (β = 0.107, sig = 0.001, p 0.05). This study provides implications to Ministry of Youth and Sports that sponsorship, expenditure, and voluntary are not main factors which contribute to activeness.
Reciprocal Teaching a type of cooperative teaching and learning strategy involving learners with similar academic backgrounds sharing teacher and student roles. Its use was not explored to the same degree as other types of peer-assisted strategy, including students at different levels. The goal of the systematic review was to investigate the impact of Reciprocal Teaching on existing literature in the field of education which include the use of Reciprocal Teaching for all student's level to enhancing academic achievement and ROSES (Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses) was carried out as a review protocol to conduct Systematic Literature Review (SLR). A literature review performed between January 2013 and February 2022 using the relevant electronic databases (Eric Plus Text, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) as well as searching for the keywords. Twenty-eight researches met the set inclusion requirements for this review. The results found that Reciprocal Teaching improved comprehension of the subject under review, enhanced cooperative learning, improved academic achievement, communication, metacognition, teaching skills, developed a positive impact in learners understanding, especially in evaluating learning performance and reciprocal teaching which may improve the understanding of reading, solving word problems in scientific fields.
This study contributes to the existing body of research by examining the mediating effect of ethics in the relationship between mathematics teacher cooperation and readiness. It fills a gap in the literature by investigating the ethical dimensions of collaboration and their impact on readiness for the industrial revolution. This study aims to determine the mediator effect of ethics between the relationship of Mathematics Teacher Cooperation and Readiness in Facing the Era of Industrial Revolution. The study involved a total of 231 mathematics teachers in Indonesia and a total of 384 mathematics teachers in Malaysia using simple random sampling. A survey was conducted to determine the readiness of mathematics teachers in facing the industrial revolution. This study used SEM analysis (using AMOS software) to determine the model of teacher readiness facing the era of industrial revolution such as the direct effect of mathematics teacher cooperation and readiness in facing the era of industrial revolution, the essence of ethics as mediators of the relationship between mathematics teacher cooperation and readiness in facing the era of industrial revolution. The study findings showed collaboration has significant effect on IR4.0 readiness and the direct effect of collaboration on ethics was also significant. Indirectly, ethics has a significant mediating effect in the contribution between collaboration on the readiness of IR4.0 among mathematics teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia. A partial mediator occurred in the results of this study. In conclusion, the study's implications and recommendations emphasize the importance of collaborative practices, ethics, and cross-cultural considerations in preparing mathematics teachers for the Industrial Revolution era in Indonesia and Malaysia. These recommendations highlight the significance of policy support, professional development, ethical guidelines, and research-informed practices to enhance readiness for the challenges brought about by technological advancements.