The title imidazolium-based ionic-liquid salt, C(18)H(24)N(4) (2+)·2PF(6) (-), has the cation lying about a center of inversion. The five-membered imidazole ring is disordered over two positions (the methyl substituents are ordered). This imidazole ring is approximately perpendicular to the six-membered phenyl-ene ring [dihedral angle = 81.3 (8)° for one disorder component and 83.8 (8)° for the other; the two components are off-set by 2.7 (8)°]. The crystal is a non-merohedral twin with a twin component of 23%.
The title imidazolium-based ionic-liquid salt, C(18)H(24)N(4) (2+)·2BF(4) (-), has the cation lying about a center of inversion. The five-membered imidazole ring is approximately perpendicular to the six-membered phenyl-ene ring [dihedral angle = 86.9 (1)°]. The tetra-fluoro-borate anion is disordered over two sites in a 0.722 (3):0.278 (3) ratio.
The title imidazolium-based ionic-liquid salt, C(18)H(24)N(4) (2+)·2Br(-), has the cation lying about a center of inversion. The five-membered imidazole ring is disordered over two positions with the major component having a site occupancy of 0.712 (4); the N-bound methyl substituents are ordered. The imidazole ring is approximately perpendicular to the six-membered phenyl-ene ring [dihedral angle = 80.7 (5)° for the major disorder component and 89.8 (3)° for the other; the two components are off-set by 10.1 (6)°].
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(17)H(14)N(4)O(4), uses its amide -NH- group to form a hydrogen bond to the amido -C(=O)- group of an adjacent mol-ecule to furnish a linear chain structure. The hydr-oxy group forms an intra-molecular hydrogen bond; the indolyl -NH- unit does not engage in any strong hydrogen-bonding inter-actions.
The objective of this study was to compare the morphological and chemical composition of bone graft (BG) and coral graft (CG) as well as their osteogenic differentiation potential using rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) in vitro. SEM analysis of BG and CG revealed that the pores in these grafts were interconnected, and their micro-CT confirmed pore sizes in the range of 107-315 µm and 103-514 µm with a total porosity of 92% and 94%, respectively. EDS analysis indicated that the level of calcium in CG was relatively higher than that in BG. FTIR of BG and CG confirmed the presence of functional groups corresponding to carbonyl, aromatic, alkyl, and alkane groups. XRD results revealed that the phase content of the inorganic layer comprised highly crystalline form of calcium carbonate and carbon. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed CG had better surface roughness compared to BG. In addition, significantly higher levels of osteogenic differentiation markers, namely, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteocalcin (OC) levels, and Osteonectin and Runx2, Integrin gene expression were detected in the CG cultures, when compared with those in the BG cultures. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs is relatively superior in coral graft than in bone graft culture system.
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(13)H(11)N(3)O(5)S, shows a phenyl group and an almost planar intra-molecularly hydrogen-bonded N'-(2-hydr-oxy-5-phenyl-ebenzyl-idene)hydrazino group disposed about the S atom. Adjacent mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O(nitro) hydrogen bonds, producing a linear chain that runs along the b axis of the unit cell.
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(8)N(4)O(3)S, is planar. Adjacent mol-ecules are linked through O-H⋯S, N-H⋯S and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
The title compound, C(14)H(11)BrN(2)O(5)·2H(2)O, crystallizes as hydrogen-bonded sheets. The 2-hydr-oxy group on the benzyl-idene group forms an intra-molecular hydrogen bond to the N atom of the C=N double bond. The amino N atom is a hydrogen-bond donor to a water mol-ecule. The hydr-oxy group on the benzohydrazide group is a hydrogen-bond donor to one acceptor site, whereas each water mol-ecule is a hydrogen-bond donor to two acceptor sites.
The two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(15)H(16)N(2)O(3)S, are each linked by an N-H⋯O(sulfon-yl) hydrogen bond into a linear chain that runs along the shortest axis of the triclinic unit cell. The hydr-oxy groups are engaged in intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and the amino N atom shows pyramidal coordination.
The dinuclear title compound, [Zn(2)(C(19)H(17)N(3)O(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·4C(2)H(6)OS, lies about a center of inversion. The deprotonated monoanion O,N,O-chelates the Zn atom; the hydr-oxy O atom also engages in bonding to the symmetry-related Zn atom so that one N and three O atoms form a square around the metal. The coordination geometry is square-pyramidal, with the apical site occupied by a water mol-ecule. Hydrogen bonds, with the water mol-ecule serving as donor atom, lead to the formation of a linear chain motif. There is an N-H⋯O hydrogen bond between the complex molecule and solvent O atom.
The Cu atom in the title compound, [Cu(C(13)H(9)BrClN(2)O(3)S)(2)], is chelated by two deprotonated Schiff base ligands in a square-planar coordination geometry; the Cu atom lies on a center of inversion. The -NH- group of one anion forms an intra-molecular hydrogen bond to the phenolate atom of the symmetry-related ion.
In our previous study, we reported the fabrication and characterization of a novel tricalcium phosphate-fucoidan-chitosan (TCP-Fu-Ch) biocomposite scaffold. However, the previous report did not show whether the biocomposite scaffold can exhibit osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in osteogenic media and normal media supplemented with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). On day 15, the release of osteocalcin, was significant in the TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold, when compared with that in the TCP-Ch scaffold, and the level of release was approximately 8 and 6 ng/ml in osteogenic and normal media supplemented with PDGF-BB, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of the TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold demonstrated mineralization and apatite layer formation on day 14, while the addition of PDGF-BB also improved the osteogenic differentiation of the scaffold. An array of gene expression analysis demonstrated that TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold cultured in osteogenic and normal media supplemented with PDGF-BB showed significant improvement in the expression of collagen 1, Runt-related transcription factor 2, osteonectin, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, alkaline phosphatase, and PPA2, but a decline in the expression of integrin. Altogether, the present study demonstrated that fucoidan-incorporated TCP-Ch scaffold could be used in the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and can be a potential candidate for the treatment of bone-related ailments through tissue engineering technology.
A comparative study on the in vitro osteogenic potential of electrospun poly-L-lactide/hydroxyapatite/collagen (PLLA/HA/Col, PLLA/HA, and PLLA/Col) scaffolds was conducted. The morphology, chemical composition, and surface roughness of the fibrous scaffolds were examined. Furthermore, cell attachment, distribution, morphology, mineralization, extracellular matrix protein localization, and gene expression of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) differentiated on the fibrous scaffolds PLLA/Col/HA, PLLA/Col, and PLLA/HA were also analyzed. The electrospun scaffolds with a diameter of 200-950 nm demonstrated well-formed interconnected fibrous network structure, which supported the growth of hMSCs. When compared with PLLA/H%A and PLLA/Col scaffolds, PLLA/Col/HA scaffolds presented a higher density of viable cells and significant upregulation of genes associated with osteogenic lineage, which were achieved without the use of specific medium or growth factors. These results were supported by the elevated levels of calcium, osteocalcin, and mineralization (P<0.05) observed at different time points (0, 7, 14, and 21 days). Furthermore, electron microscopic observations and fibronectin localization revealed that PLLA/Col/HA scaffolds exhibited superior osteoinductivity, when compared with PLLA/Col or PLLA/HA scaffolds. These findings indicated that the fibrous structure and synergistic action of Col and nano-HA with high-molecular-weight PLLA played a vital role in inducing osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The data obtained in this study demonstrated that the developed fibrous PLLA/Col/HA biocomposite scaffold may be supportive for stem cell based therapies for bone repair, when compared with the other two scaffolds.
We developed tricalcium phosphate-chitosan-fucoidan biocomposite scaffold (TCP-Ch-Fu) by using the freeze-drying technique. The fabricated biocomposite scaffolds were analyzed by spectroscopy and porosity measurement. The biomechanical properties of scaffolds were assessed by compression test and the results suggested that the incorporation of Fucoidan into the biocomposite improves the compression strength of scaffolds. Biomineralization of scaffolds was evaluated by soaking them in simulated body fluid and the results revealed that the addition of Fucoidan into the scaffolds enhanced the formation of apatite layer on the surface of biocomposite after 7 days of immersion. Alamar Blue assay confirmed that the cell viability of human-derived bone marrow stromal cell was superior in the TCP-Ch-Fuscaffold. The addition of Fucoidan to TCP-Ch increased the release of osteocalcin, confirming that it can support osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in in vitro culture. Thus, TCP-Ch-Fu could be a potential candidate for bone-tissue engineering applications.