Extracapsular spread (ECS) is one of the most important prognostic factors in oral
squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Gamma Glutamyl Hydrolase (GGH) is a lysosomal enzyme which is involved in folate homeostasis. It is overexpressed in several human malignancies but its role in
OSCC has never been reported. Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CA9) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and is
related to hypoxia. High expression of CA9 has been associated with poor prognosis in several
tumours including OSCC. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of GGH and CA9 in
OSCC and their potential use as biomarkers to predict ECS. (Copied from article).
Verruco-papillary lesions (VPLs) of the oral cavity
described in the literature involve a spectrum of conditions
including squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, focal
epithelial hyperplasia, condyloma, proliferative verrucous
leukoplakia and verrucous carcinoma. The majority of the
VPLs are slow growing, benign in nature and have a viral
aetiology (1). Mucosal HPV types (HPV 6, 11, 13, 30,
32, 45, 52, 55, 59, 69, 72 and 73) have been implicated
as possible etiological causes for these benign lesions (2)
while virus associated benign mucosal outgrowths are not
too difficult to diagnose either clinically or by microscopy.
Apart from virus-associated lesions, VPLs harboring
malignant potential such as verrucous carcinoma,
proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and oral verrucous
hyperplasia (OVH) need to be further clarified for better
understanding of their predictable biologic behavior and
appropriate treatment. In particular, the condition referred
to as oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) poses a major
diagnostic challenge. OVH represents a histopathological
entity whose clinical features are not well recognised and
is usually clinically indistinguishable from a verrucous
carcinoma (3).
In 1980, Shear and Pindborg classified OVHs into
two clinical variants, a sharp variety comprising of long,
narrow, heavily keratinized verrucous processes which
appears white as a result of heavy keratinization and a
second variant referred to as the blunt variety consisting
of verrucous processes that are broader, flatter and not
heavily keratinized (3). A new pathological entity distinct
from what Shear and Pindborg earlier described has been
found in recent years among betel-quid chewers mainly
from Taiwan. In 2005, Chung et al., in a field survey of
1075 adults noted 9 verrucous lesions which they described
as exophytic outgrowths, which the authors hinted had
hitherto not been reported in the scientific literature (4).
Their Figure: 1 illustrated this newly described “verrucous
lesion”. Subsequently in 2009 Wang et al described a case
series of 60 cases from Taipei and classified these lesions as
plaque-type and mass-type lesions primarily based on their
histopathological features. It was also documented that the
mass-type verrucous hyperplasia may manifest as single
or multiple verrucous whitish pink lesions clinically while
the plaque-type lesions may appear as whitish verrucous
plaques. They also concluded that the terminology OVH
should be reserved to denote only the mass-type lesions
both clinically and histologically and suggested that the
plaque-type lesions should be clinically classified as oral
verruciform leukoplakia and histologically as verruciform
hyperplasia (5).
In an effort to bring uniformity in reporting
these lesions both clinically and histopathologically a
consensus meeting was held in Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
during December 15-18, 2013. A working committee
that included specialists working on oral malignant andpotentially malignant disorders attempted to formulate the
clinical and histopathological criteria of OVH based on
the discussion among the participants in the meeting. The
meeting was attended by 46 participants from 7 countries
and included specialists and trainees in the disciplines
of Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.
Consensus guidelines arising from this meeting is as
follows.