Policymakers and recreation site managers use changes in fee structure, either introducing park entrance fees or increasing existing ones, to generate revenues, improve services, and reduce damages associated with visitor’s overuse. The sudden increase in park usage fee, however, can make the park inaccessible to certain segments of visitors. Understanding park users' response to changes in fees and its implication on park use equity is, thus, important to achieving a park's full potential in a socially and environmentally responsible way. This information is crucial especially for developing countries, where the issue has received relatively less attention and underfunded. This paper contributes to the literature on park access fees by empirically assessing park use equity between and among international and local visitors visiting Putrajaya Botanical Garden, Malaysia and developing an approach for determining predictors and mean willingness to pay values for park entrance. Results of our survey-based approach show a positive willingness to pay values for park entrance and fee increases. Our results also show that it is possible to raise revenue without exacerbating existing park use differences.
Heat pipes are widely used in various industries such as automotive, electronics, and many more. Heat pipes are used as cooling devices for electronic parts in machines that emit a large amount of heat, which can damage the devices. The heat pipes used in this investigation are loop heat pipes. These pipes can transport heat over a long distance and operate against gravity. The working fluid used in this investigation is nanofluid. Nanofluid is one of the types of working fluid that is considered to have better thermal performance than conventional fluids. Nanofluid is made of nanoparticles with base-fluid. This investigation studies the thermal performance of loop heat pipes using different types of nanofluids. Nanofluid fluids used in this study are diamond nanofluid, aluminium oxide nanofluid and silica oxide nanofluid. The effect of mass concentration of nanoparticles in the base-fluid is also studied. The results showed that as the mass concentration of nanofluids increased, the thermal resistance for diamond nanofluid and aluminium oxide nanofluid decreased, but the opposite occurred for silica oxide nanofluid but still better resultsthan pure water. This shows that diamond and aluminium oxide nanofluids shows better thermal conductivity as it has lower total thermal resistance and thermal enhancement rate compared to other nanofluids. Diamond nanofluid also had higher heat capacity than aluminium oxide nanofluid as it had a lower vapour line temperature reading.
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a sudden burst of wide-band, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation. EMP also called as a transient electromagnetic disturbance, a short burst of electromagnetic energy. Effect of EMP to automobile is classify as medium threats to vehicle attacks where EMP aims at damaging electronic devices such as on board sensors and processors, CPU which found in almost all models from 1990’s and forward. This paper presents a MATLAB simulation of EMP generator by means of Switch Mode Power Supply, thus the electrical shielding can be studied further. Theoretically, EMP generator is developed by implementing energy storage circuit and discharge control circuit. Sending a rapidly changing electrical current through a loop will create an electromagnetic field in the form of a pulse. The results show an increase in pulse voltage from 12 VDC to 758 VDC with a current of 1500 A. A MATLAB model on the coverage area affected by EMP pulse will be developed in the next phase of the research.
Risk management requires human judgements, from risk identification, assessment to response. Although automated tools are useful in handling large amounts of data and in performing complex calculations rapidly, humans undertake the entire risk management process. They bring to the process their intuitions, insights, previous experiences and skills. Therefore, creating a rich source of information of risks faced by an organisation. Ignoring human factors may impoverish information and limit risk management to only measurable factors. This study contributes to the field of decision-making and risk assessment by investigating and discussing in detail how to quantify subjective judgements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is used to assess risk of an insurance company. It discusses how to do risk assessment by combining both intuition and analytic in the decision-making process. The study defines intuition as knowledge and experience, and analytic as the mathematics or quantitative analysis to derive the result. It demonstrates how Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) - a flexible multi-attribute or multi-criteria decision making tool, enables risk managers to use both intuition and analytic to do risk assessment. Risk assessment using AHP produces global priority weights representing the overall risk ranking of an insurance company. The study develops a risk assessment problem and uses AHP to organise and structure risks and sub-risks of the problem. It uses formative evaluation method with open-ended questionnaires to obtain feedbacks from risk managers on AHP. Three employees of a risk management department in a government agency assesses the risks using AHP. AHP strengths are easy to use and understand, improves risk assessment and useful for risk assessment problems that have scarce or no data. AHP limitation are the numbers and repetitiveness of the pairwise comparisons. The participants either ignore some of the pairwise questions or they answer randomly instead of deliberate judgements.
Muhammad Adil Khattak, Tuan Mohamad Hakimi Tuan Yahya, Muhammad Wazif Mohd Sallehhudin, Muhammad Izzuan Mohd Ghazali, Nur Awal Abdullah, Nur Athirah Nordin, et al.
In this recent years, energy security has been actively studied. European vitality security challenges have changed significantly in the previous 20 years. From one viewpoint, the current strains amongst Russia and the EU are undermining heir verifiable organization on vitality; on the other, profound changes in the vitality scene at the worldwide level, activated by innovative advances and major geo-political changes, are driving the EU to revaluate its vitality security system. The point of this paper is to talk about Eastern Europe vitality security in a changing worldwide. Furthermore, this paper will give a review on the energy market and the energy security strategy in Eastern Europe country.
Meat tenderness is an important quality attribute that influences consumer acceptance. The application of mechanical treatment by mean to reduce toughness of meat cuts has gained much interest recently, with an intention to make use the lower grade meat cuts. This review deliberates the function, mechanism and numerous types of mechanical work in meat tenderization. The mechanical work employs to make meat softer by loosening the muscle structure and disrupting muscle cell. Previous studies have thoroughly examined the use of mechanical treatment (such as massaging, tumbling, and grinding) as an effective meat tenderization technique. Besides that, current research on newly emerging processing technology such as highpressure process (HPP) also shows potential to be explored. The application of mechanical work has shown impressive outcomes by reducing the shear force value that represents hardness of meat. The present paper also described the physical, biochemical and the structural changes of the meat. Finally, the improvements in the meat tenderness by using various type of mechanical work are presented in this paper.
Low-cost high rise housing project is developed to provide a chance for low-income
citizen to own a house at a lower market price. Each low-cost high-rise residential
building possesses its own building management body where one of its duties is to
manage residential area after the strata title has been issued to the purchaser. The
study was carried out to evaluate the level of satisfaction among residents of one lowcost
housing area towards the maintenance activities administered by the building
management body. This research employed mixed-method approach; quantitative and
qualitative, as it able to capture accurate data from both residents and the building
management body. This study concluded that the residents of Rumah Selangorku
Damai Utama are mostly leaning towards dissatisfaction with the building and facilities
maintenance services provided by the building management body.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) play a big role in people daily lives. Various
applications of RFID including transportation and logistics, manufacturing and
processing, security, animal tagging, waste management, time and attendance, road
toll management and etc. The aim of this research is to improve old attendance system
that capable to eliminate time waste during manual collected attendance by create
“Drive-Thru” attendance system. This model can be given an access badge with radio
frequency identification (RFID) chip in it as its use technique of electromagnetic fields
to exchange data from a tag (like a smart tag) to an object (a reader) at the post guard
for the purpose of identification or tracking. Development in RFID technology widely
increasing in adopting new and many features.
The lack of understanding of Islamic principles in the design of public spaces has led to
the weakness of the function, aesthetic value and the identity of urban places. The study
seeks to identify the characteristics and elements of the Islamic urban space in
Putrajaya base on publics and expert perception and preference. A questionnaire
survey was conducted with approximately 500 civilians to analyse the public perception
of Putra Square and Astaka Moroco. A photo base interview was carried out with
approximately 100 professionals in the built environment field to evaluate the quality
of Astaka Moroco in comparison to Islamic gardens in the Middle East based on their
perception. The results indicate that the style of the Dataran Putra is the most preferred
by the public compared to the Astaka Morocco. The professionals inform that Astaka
Morocco is not comparable to the quality of Islamic gardens in the Middle East either
in terms of function or aesthetic value due to the lack of understanding of the Islamic gardens elements and principles. In addition, the public liked the Islamic garden style
that reflects the local identity and the functions as public spaces instead of just as an
exhibit or a model. The findings can be a good guide in designing the Islamic public
spaces which are favoured by the public.
Jerky, a ready-to-eat snack, known for its high protein and low-fat content. Current
methods used in jerky processing take 6-10 hours in a conventional oven, dehydrator
or smokehouse. In this study, whole buffalo meat was sliced to 5mm and 6mm and
cured in three different salt concentrations of 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% for 24 hours at
4°C. The effects of microwave finish drying (5, 10 and 15 seconds) were examined
after samples were dried in a convection oven for three hours. Cured buffalo slices
showed significant (p
The advancement of technology has allowed a variety of tools for employees and
managers, or knowledge workers, to choose as communication tools, especially for
managing project teams. Instead of communicating and updating project progress
through emails and short messaging system, social messaging (SM) applications, such
as WhatsAppTM, are the current daily choice among them. The over-utilisation of the
SM applications has given an opportunity for a research on project knowledge
retention within project team, since it becomes an addiction to create new groups each
time a new project team is formed. It is believed that project knowledge resides within
these virtual groups, and this paper looks into how project knowledge is managed by
analysing the communication patterns against a measurement metrics based on
personal knowledge management (PKM) theory called GUSC Model. The
communication patterns found existed in the SM application are qualitatively
identified and mapped against the PKM processes within, with weighted score
assigned to each process to quantitatively measure the overall project knowledge
management participation. The differences among the organisational communication
levels, namely upper and lower level communication levels, are analysed and the final
result of participation expectation on member of SM application groups is presented.
The outcome of this research recommends the future intervention on SM application
usage and the application of knowledge management concept in current
communication tool.
Improving organizational performance is the main objective of any organization. Six
Sigma is one of the most important approaches to improve performance and sustain
competitive advantage. This article reviewed the literature related to organizational
performance and explains the potential impact of Six Sigma and innovation culture on
organizational performance. Given that previous studies have reported inconclusive
results, this paper tries to establish a mechanism to explain the role of Six Sigma in
improving organizational performance. Therefore, based on the theoretical foundation
and comprehensive review of previous literature, a research framework is proposed.
This proposed framework is grounded in the implementation of Six Sigma projects; it
also establishes that innovation culture can help organizations to achieve success in a
turbulent business environment.
With the increasing demand for greater quality of transferred data, the optical cable
lines are reaching their limits of transfer capacities. The alternative for more effective
usage is by introducing the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
integrated with optical amplifier to optimize the output signal. This study was
performed theoretically with an assistance of OptiSystem 9.0 simulation software to
develop higher transfer speed of 32 channels DWDM network system by employing
hybrid optical amplifiers. Three types of optical amplifiers had been introduced such
as Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) and
Dynamic RAMAN amplifier. The optimum performance of DWDM system was obtained
by employed hybrid EDFA-Raman amplifier which resulted the best transmission signal
received with maximum Qfactor=43.0579 a.u. The hybrid EDFA-Raman produced
better stability than EDFA-SOA where the received signals were only fluctuated within
±3.73 a.u. In comparison with other types of configuration, namely EDFA-SOA and
RAMAN-SOA; the value of maximum Q-factor experienced about 50% of increment. In
conclusion, the development of high performance and excellent stability of 32-
channels DWDM optical network system can be achieved by introduced hybrid
amplifier of EDFA-RAMAN.
The contribution of attitudinal factors to the morphology of urban vegetation in cities
has received very scanty attention. Most researchers in the developing countries
including Nigeria focus on urbanisation, without paying significant attention to
attitudinal factors. However, a lot of socioeconomic adjustments take place in cities in
these countries, which result in the depletion of urban vegetation. The necessity to
determine the contribution of attitudinal factors to the reduction in Akure urban
vegetation has called for this study. The study analysed the contribution of attitudinal
factors to the reduction of urban vegetation in the city. Previous studies on the city’s
land use and land cover changes seemed to ascribe the city’s falling greenery to
urbanisation only, without considering the contribution of attitudinal factors to the
process. The paper posits that the indicators of attitudinal factors need to be properly
understood in order to design appropriate policies to curb the phenomenon. Data
were sourced through self-administered questionnaire from 317 participants. The data
were analysed with SPSS Version 20 for the descriptive analysis, and Structural
Equation Modelling (SEM), for the determination of the dominant factors. The KaiserMeyer-Olkin
measure of sampling adequacy showed that the research instrument was
internally consistent. Confirmatory factor analysis also achieved satisfactory goodness
of fit indices. It was revealed that eight dominant attitudinal factors contributed to the
reduction of urban vegetation in the city. These include misuse of road setback (0.72),
not enough enlightenment or publicity (0.72), and failure of town planning authorities
to enforce urban tree planting (0.72.) This shows that attitudinal factors contributed
significantly to the depletion of urban vegetation in the city. The necessity for mass
education and enlightenment towards behaviour change and pro-environmental
behaviour, is stressed.
Management is consistently facing fast-flowing and lots of changes in business, including in the inventory management. Especially for fast-moving inventories, the correct stocking, controlling, checking and safety stock calculation is highly needed to have an exquisite inventory management and to reduce the possibility of running out of inventory which leads to unavailability to meet the demand. One of the ways to overcome this is by doing an excellent and appropriate forecasting. Therefore, the objective of this concept paper is to analyse and recommend tools to improve inventory management using the appropriate time-series forecasting method. The firm studied in this study is serving its employees as customers that demand the routine items including stationeries and other routine products to support their job as auditors and consultants for its client. However, there are occasions when there is out-of-stock situation for fast-moving items, especially in the peak season period. Furthermore, the firm is only applying replenishment based on the used inventories from the previous month. Therefore, this study suggests to eliminate out-of-stock items situation by applying precaution initiatives such as time-series forecasting. This study is planned to employ 10 time-series forecasting methods such as moving average, exponential smoothing, regression analysis, Holt-Winters analysis, Seasonal analysis and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) using Risk Simulator Software. By simulating those methods, the most appropriate method is selected based on the forecasting accuracy measurement.
The new innovative of technology by (GIS) Geographic Information System, (LIS) Land
Information System and (CIS) Cadastral Information System has been playing a leading
role in the development of cadastral and land administration in this study area. The
Customary ways and approach to the land titling and registration in the time past has
resulted in the delay in the processes of obtaining title to the land. Land administration
system in Nigeria includes the processes of land registration, cadastral mapping, land
valuation and land inventory. Most of developing nation particularly Nigeria is faced
with the problem of poor land administration and management. Technology is
paramount in acquiring a proper technological development in land administration.
This study tried to encourage land title registration by providing web technologies that
are faster and suitable with a low rate and minimum delay. The need to develop a
dynamic web for the processes in the land registration arises from the dynamic
relationship to the land of the people. The delay in time and process of land registration
couple with the exploitation in land related activities has called for the urgent
intervention of all the stakeholders in land administration. PHP programming language
was used as a server side scripting languages together with MyAdmin SQL, a website
was developed for the processes involved in the land registration having examined the
fastest way to solve the problem. A robust dynamic database that is reliable and easy
to use was also developed which is capable of accommodating several numbers of
applicants. The applicants, monitoring agency and the government have the advantage
of checking all the processes on line without any contact with the officers working on
the certificate.
Most tropical rainforest tree species depends on forest gaps for their successful
regeneration. Evaluation on the gap or canopy openness provides an indicator on the
forest development stages. This paper reported on the canopy openness (CO) of three
study plots at (1-, 9-, 18-year old) rehabilitated forest sites and one study plot at natural
regenerating secondary forest (± 22-year old) in UPM-Mitsubishi Corporation Forest
Rehabilitation Project, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus (UPMKB).
Plot of 20 x 20 m was established where dendrometric parameters were collected
while Delta-T Device HemiView system was used to take the hemispherical photograph
and field observation information were used to assess the CO. Qualitative analysis of
the photographs suggested there were three stages of forest growth namely gap,
building and mature stand development phases. These also helped the interpretation
of the quantitative analysis in relation to forest dynamics. Hemispherical photographs
were used for quantitative analysis of the CO. CO showed statistical significant
differences among study plots which recorded a range of 3-78%. Rapid analysis of CO
on the hemispherical photographs with information from the dendrometric
measurement had assisted in assessing the forest stand development. The canopy
openness was dependent on the age of the rehabilitated forest. Overall, the study plots
were in the different stages of stand development.
This study aims to examine the influences of the plan to further study, career growth
and discriminatory treatment on turnover intention among technicians in electronic
industry in Malaysia. The objectives are: (i) To identify the relationship between the
plan to further study and turnover intention among factory technicians, (ii) To identify
the relationship between career growth and turnover intention among factory
technicians, and (iii)To identify the relationship between discriminatory treatment
factors and turnover intention among factory technicians. The population involved in
this study were the manufacturing technicians at an electronic factory. Survey
questionnaires were used to collect data. A total of 110 questionnaires were analyzed.
Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to measure the
degree of relationship between variables. The findings showed that all independent
variables; plan to further study, career growth and discriminatory treatment, were
positive moderately correlated with turnover intention.
One of the prime inspirations for this work emerge from the need to deal with our
common assets (the Land). To build up a formal approach that can be utilized to
address the issues emerges from a mind boggling circumstance in land
administration. The capacity to track the progressions as it is connected to land
everywhere throughout the year. A considerable lot of the land exchanges are as yet
in light of 2D ideal models that have frustrated fast advancement in thickly urban
condition. The consideration of 3D enhanced the functionalities of different models.
Be that as it may, the dynamic idea of the land has an imperative part in the
advancement of the land administration framework. One of the significant reason the
expansion in intricacy in land utilize required that Land Administration Domain Model
(LADM) concept in land administration has an enhanced limit is to deal with the
current 2D and 3D. The need to talk about time dimension emerges from the way
that individuals relationship to the land has an exceptionally powerful nature, all the
LADM packages has time (Temporal) components. LADM completely bolster forming
(historical information) as all classes inherit from VersionObject, and all LA_RRR
object have the quality TimeSpace. 2D/3D space and time incorporation is not
profoundly integrated into a 3D/4D spatiotemporal portrayal. The preparatory test
case in this study affirmed the conceivable outcomes of having a move or
development (with time) of characteristic limits from their underlying positions. Thus,
the dynamic idea of the land in connection to man, the benefits of this model to the
land proprietors, land merchants, and the administration can't be over stressed. This
study tries to clarify the current 2D/3D approach and broke down preparatory
requirements for 4D with a specific end goal to see the estimation of the approach.
The primary future research exertion focuses on melding on the most proficient
method to coordinate the model completely into Country profile in the study area.
Malaysia is one of the developing countries that are facing an increase population
with an increasing and significant generation of waste. Environmental problems may
arise when the solid waste management is improper. The rate of generation is
increasing and the composition is also changing as the nation becomes more
urbanized and industrialized. The objective of this study is to present the data of
municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Taman Universiti, Skudai, Johor Bahru,
Malaysia. The composition of MSW was studied by segregating it into different
components such as food waste, paper, glass, plastics, metal and tin aluminums. It
was observed that Taman Universiti area produced around 40% plastics waste which
was the highest component compared to other waste, followed by food waste and
papers with 38.2% and 21% respectively. Meanwhile, food waste was recorded the
highest moisture content with 38.2% while glass had the lowest moisture content
with 0.4%. The reliable estimate of MSW generated is important for proper waste
management planning. These data could enhance in implementation of waste
management system in that area.