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Fulltext AAV9 transduction mediated by systemic delivery of vector via retro-orbital injection in newborn, neonatal and juvenile mice

Prabhakar S, Lule S, da Hora CC, Breakefield XO, Cheah PS

Exp Anim, 2021 Nov 10;70(4):450-458.
PMID: 34039790 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0186

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is gaining popularity owing to its excellent safety profile and effective therapeutic outcomes in a number of diseases. Intravenous (IV) injection of AAV into the tail vein, facial vein and retro-orbital (RO) venous sinus have all been useful strategies to infuse the viral vector systemically. However, tail vein injection is technically challenging in juvenile mice, and injection at young ages (≤ postnatal day-(P)21) is essentially impossible. The temporal or facial vein is localized anterior to the ear bud and is markedly visible in the first couple of days postnatally. However, this method is age-dependent and requires a dissecting microscope. Retro-orbital injection (ROI), on the other hand, is suitable for all murine ages, including newborn and older mice, and is relatively less stressful to animals compared to tail vein injection. Although many reports have shown ROI as an effective route of AAV delivery, herein we aim to highlight and summarize the methods and benefits of ROI. To capture the full spectrum of transduction efficiency mediated by ROI, we transduced the editing-dependent reporter mice (Ai9 Cre reporter mice) with the AAV9 vector, which targets a wide range of peripheral tissues with exceptional brain tropism. We also provide a comprehensive description of the ROI technique to facilitate viral vector administration without complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn*
Adverse effects of melatonin on rat pups of Wistar-Kyoto dams receiving melatonin supplementation during pregnancy

Singh HJ, Keah LS, Kumar A, Sirajudeen KN

Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 2012 Nov;64(7-8):751-2.
PMID: 21354772 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.01.011

This report documents an incidental finding during a study investigating the effects of melatonin supplementation on the development of blood pressure in SHR. Administration of 10 mg/kg/day of melatonin in drinking water during pregnancy to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) dams caused a loss of more than 50% of the pups by the age of three weeks and 95% by the age of 6 weeks. There was no maternal morbidity or mortality in the two strains or death of any of the SHR pups. No obvious physical defects were present but mean body weight was lower in the surviving WKY rats when compared to that of melatonin supplemented SHR or non-supplemented WKY pups. The reason for the high mortality in WKY pups is uncertain and appears to be strain if not batch specific. There is a need for caution in its use, particularly during pregnancy, and clearly necessitates more detailed studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Aging Induces Profound Changes in sncRNA in Rat Sperm and These Changes Are Modified by Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Flame Retardant

Suvorov A, Pilsner JR, Naumov V, Shtratnikova V, Zheludkevich A, Gerasimov E, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Nov 04;21(21).
PMID: 33158036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218252

Advanced paternal age at fertilization is a risk factor for multiple disorders in offspring and may be linked to age-related epigenetic changes in the father's sperm. An understanding of aging-related epigenetic changes in sperm and environmental factors that modify such changes is needed. Here, we characterize changes in sperm small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) between young pubertal and mature rats. We also analyze the modification of these changes by exposure to environmental xenobiotic 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). sncRNA libraries prepared from epididymal spermatozoa were sequenced and analyzed using DESeq 2. The distribution of small RNA fractions changed with age, with fractions mapping to rRNA and lncRNA decreasing and fractions mapping to tRNA and miRNA increasing. In total, 249 miRNA, 908 piRNA and 227 tRNA-derived RNA were differentially expressed (twofold change, false discovery rate (FDR) p ≤ 0.05) between age groups in control animals. Differentially expressed miRNA and piRNA were enriched for protein-coding targets involved in development and metabolism, while piRNA were enriched for long terminal repeat (LTR) targets. BDE-47 accelerated age-dependent changes in sncRNA in younger animals, decelerated these changes in older animals and increased the variance in expression of all sncRNA. Our results indicate that the natural aging process has profound effects on sperm sncRNA profiles and this effect may be modified by environmental exposure.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Comparative effects of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol against hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis on primary-cultured astrocytes

Mazlan M, Sue Mian T, Mat Top G, Zurinah Wan Ngah W

J Neurol Sci, 2006 Apr 15;243(1-2):5-12.
PMID: 16442562

Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the factors that cause neurodegeneration and that this can be inhibited by antioxidants. Since astrocytes support the survival of central nervous system (CNS) neurons, we compared the effect of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol in minimizing the cytotoxic damage induced by H(2)O(2), a pro-oxidant. Primary astrocyte cultures were pretreated with either alpha-tocopherol or gamma-tocotrienol for 1 h before incubation with 100 microM H(2)O(2) for 24 h. Cell viability was then assessed using the MTS assay while apoptosis was determined using a commercial ELISA kit as well as by fluorescent staining of live and apoptotic cells. The uptake of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol by astrocytes were also determined using HPLC. Results showed that gamma-tocotrienol is toxic at concentrations >200 microM but protects against H(2)O(2) induced cell loss and apoptosis in a dose dependent manner up to 100 microM. alpha-Tocopherol was not cytotoxic in the concentration range tested (up to 750 microM), reduced apoptosis to the same degree as that of gamma-tocotrienol but was less effective in maintaining the viable cell number. Since the uptake of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol by astrocytes is similar, this may reflect the roles of these 2 vitamin E subfamilies in inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating proliferation in astrocytes.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Comparison of effect of sex hormone manipulation during neonatal period, on mRNA expression of Slc9a4, Nr3c2, Htr5b and Mas1 in hippocampus and frontal cortex of male and female rats

Karimi B, Hafidzi MN, Panandam JM, Fuzina NH

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 2013 Jul-Sep;27(3):869-74.
PMID: 24152851

It has long been known that spatial memory and the ability to navigate through space are sexually dimorphic traits among mammals, and numerous studies have shown that these traits can be altered by means of sex hormone manipulation. Hippocampus, the main organ involved in this kind of memory, has specific signature genes with high expression level compared to other regions of the brain. Based on their expression levels and the role that products of these genes can play in processes like signal transduction, mediation of hormone effects and long term potentiation, these genes can be considered as genes necessary for routine tasks of hippocampus. Male and female rat pups were injected with estradiol and testosterone respectively. at early stage of their lives to examine the effect of sex hormone manipulation on mRNA expression of Slc9a4, Nr3c2, Htr5b and Mas1 using comparative quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that expressions of these genes are strongly influenced by sex hormones in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus, especially in male hippocampus, in which expression of all genes were up-regulated. Htr5b was the only gene that was affected only in the males. Expression of Mas1 was contrary to expectations, showed stronger changes in its expression in cortex than in hippocampus. Nr3c2 was down regulated in all samples but up regulated in male hippocampus, and Slc9a4 also showed a huge up-regulation in male hippocampus compared to other samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Correlation between prenatal doppler ultrasound exposure durations and newborn rabbit’s body weight

Umi Nadrah Amran, Farah Wahida Ahmad Zaiki

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(1):115-120.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Doppler mode ultrasound is widely used in prenatal scanning and known to produce a higher acoustic
output which later leads to higher heat energy conversion compared to other ultrasound modes. It has been reported
that the use of Doppler imaging might increase the temperature of tissues, thus, when Doppler is used in combination with 2D ultrasound, the risks of bioeffects tend to increase more. It is also known that prolonged exposure to
ultrasound during pregnancy can cause irreversible biological destructions to the fetus. Despite the benefits of using
Doppler ultrasound, its potential adverse effects have received scant attention in the research literature. Therefore,
this study aimed to examine a correlation between gestational stages (GS) and newborn rabbit’s body weight at different prenatal Doppler ultrasound exposure durations. Methods: Twelve pregnant New Zealand white rabbits (NZWR)
were exposed once using three different Doppler ultrasound exposure durations (30, 60, 90 minutes exposure) at
three different GSs (1st, 2nd, and 3rd GS). After delivery, the mean weights of the 62 newborns were statistically analysed. Results: Strong negative and positive correlation between newborn’s body weight at different GSs and Doppler
ultrasound exposure durations with a significant result found in 60 minutes exposure (p =

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Coxsackievirus A16 in a 1-Day-Old Mouse Model of Central Nervous System Infection Shows Lower Neurovirulence than Enterovirus A71

Hooi YT, Ong KC, Tan SH, Perera D, Wong KT

J Comp Pathol, 2020 Apr;176:19-32.
PMID: 32359633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.001

Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) are the major causes of hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Although less so with CV-A16, both viruses are associated with serious neurological syndromes, but the differences between their central nervous system infections remain unclear. We conducted a comparative infection study using clinically-isolated CV-A16 and EV-A71 strains in a 1-day-old mouse model to better understand the neuropathology and neurovirulence of the viruses. New serotype-specific probes for in situ hybridization were developed and validated to detect CV-A16 and EV-A71 RNA in infected tissues. Demonstration of CV-A16 virus antigens/RNA, mainly in the brainstem and spinal cord neurons, confirmed neurovirulence, but showed lower densities than in EV-A71 infected animals. A higher lethal dose50 for CV-A16 suggested that CV-A16 is less neurovirulent. Focal virus antigens/RNA in the anterior horn white matter and adjacent efferent motor nerves suggested that neuroinvasion is possibly via retrograde axonal transport in peripheral motor nerves.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Early-life citalopram-induced impairments in sexual behavior and the role of androgen receptor

Soga T, Wong DW, Putteeraj M, Song KP, Parhar IS

Neuroscience, 2012 Dec 6;225:172-84.
PMID: 22960312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.061

Postnatal treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been found to affect brain development and the regulation of reproduction in rodent models. The normal masculinization process in the brain requires a transient decrease in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the brain during the second postnatal week. Strict regulation of androgen receptor (AR) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression is important to control male reproductive activity. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of a potent SSRI (citalopram) on male sexual behavior and expression levels of AR and GnRH in adult male mice receiving either vehicle or citalopram (10mg/kg) daily during postnatal days 8-21. The citalopram-treated male mice showed altered sexual behavior, specifically a significant reduction in the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation compared with the vehicle-treated mice. The citalopram-treated male mice displayed elevated anxiety-like behavior in an open field test and lower locomotor activity in their home cage during the subjective night. Although there was no change in GnRH and AR mRNA levels in the preoptic area (POA), quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunostained AR cell numbers in the medial POA were decreased in the citalopram-treated male mice. These results suggest that the early-life inhibition of 5-HT transporters alters the regulation of AR expression in the medial POA, likely causing decreased sexual behavior and altered home cage activity in the subjective night.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Effect of gestational ethanol exposure on long-term memory formation in newborn chicks

Rao V, Chaudhuri JD

Alcohol, 2007 Sep;41(6):433-9.
PMID: 17624712

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition occurring in some children of mothers who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, is characterized by craniofacial malformations, and physical and mental retardation. It is significant that even children with history of gestational ethanol exposure but relatively unaffected overall IQ performance, often exhibit learning difficulties and behavioral problems, suggestive of impaired memory formation. Hence, the specific aim of this study was to examine memory formation in chicks exposed to ethanol during early gestation toward the understanding of neurobehavioral disturbances in FAS. Chicks were exposed to alcohol on gestational days 1-3 by injection of ethanol into the airspace of freshly fertilized eggs. The effects of prenatal ethanol on physical growth and development, and memory formation were studied. The one-trial passive avoidance learning paradigm in 1-day-old chicks was used to study memory formation in these chicks. It was observed that chick embryos exposed to 10% ethanol on gestational days 1-3 had significant reduction in all body parameters when compared with appropriate controls. Further, ethanol-exposed chick embryos had significantly impaired (P

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Effect of transforming growth factor-β2 on biological regulation of multilayer primary chondrocyte culture

Khaghani SAB, Akbarova G, Soon CF, Dilbazi G

Cell Tissue Bank, 2018 Dec;19(4):763-775.
PMID: 30377863 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-018-9732-z

Cytokines are extremely potent biomolecules that regulate cellular functions and play multiple roles in initiation and inhibition of disease. These highly specialised macromolecules are actively involved in control of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and adhesion. This work, investigates the effect of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) on the biological regulation of chondrocyte and the repair of a created model wound on a multilayer culture system. Also the effect of this cytokine on cell length, proliferation, and cell adhesion has been investigated. Chondrocytes isolated from knee joint of rats and cultured at 4 layers. Each layer consisted of 2 × 105 cells/ml with and without TGF-β2. The expression of mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β receptors and Smad1, 3, 4, and 7 have been analysed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effect of different supplementations in chondrocyte cell proliferation, cell length, adhesion, and wound repair was statistically analysed by One-way ANOVA test. Our results showed that the TGFβ2 regulates mRNA levels of its own receptors, and of Smad3 and Smad7. Also the TGF-β2 caused an increase in chondrocyte cell length, but decreased its proliferation rate and the wound healing process. TGF-β2 also decreased cell adhesion ability to the surface of the culture flask. Since, TGF-β2 increased the cell size, but showed negative effect on cell proliferation and adhesion of CHC, the effect of manipulated TGF-β2 with other growth factors and/or proteins needs to be investigated to finalize the utilization of this growth factor and design of scaffolding in treatment of different types of arthritis.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Effects of Momordica charantia on pancreatic histopathological changes associated with streptozotocin-induced diabetes in neonatal rats

Abdollahi M, Zuki AB, Goh YM, Rezaeizadeh A, Noordin MM

Histol Histopathol, 2011 01;26(1):13-21.
PMID: 21117023 DOI: 10.14670/HH-26.13

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of Momordica charantia (MC) fruit aqueous extract on pancreatic histopathological changes in neonatal STZ-induced type-II diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in one day Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats using a single intrapretoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (85 mg/kg body weight) and monitored for 12 weeks thereafter. The diabetic rats were separated into three groups, as follows: the diabetic control group (i.e. nSTZ), the diabetic group (i.e. nSTZ/M) - which was orally given 20 mg/kg of MC fruit extract, and the diabetic group (i.e. nSTZ/G) - that was treated with glibenclamide, 0.1 mg/kg for a period of four weeks. At the end of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from the saphenous vein to measure the blood glucose and serum insulin level. The pancreatic specimens were removed and processed for light microscopy, electron microscopy examination and immunohistochemical study. The results of this study showed that MC fruit aqueous extract reduced the blood glucose level as well as glibenclamide and increased the serum insulin level in the treated diabetic rats (P<0.05). The fruit extract of MC alleviated pancreatic damage and increased the number of β-cells in the diabetic treated rats (P<0.05). Our results suggest that oral feeding of MC fruit extract may have a significant role in the renewal of pancreatic β-cells in the nSTZ rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Establishing a culture system that supports in vitro expansion of adult microglia

Subramaniam, Hemavathy, Alireza Badiei, Ramasamy, Rajesh, Maha Abdullah, Vidyadaran, Sharmili

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(2):25-30.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The vast majority of in vitro research on microglia are based on cells isolated from
neonatal animals (3-5 days of age). Studying microglia of adults has been limited by the lack of a suitable culture system that supports their growth. In this study, we describe a protocol for growing microglia of adults based on modifications of the technique for culturing microglia isolated from neonatal rats. Methods: Mixed glia isolated from adult rats (age range of 1 month to 3 years old) were seeded in
culture flasks coated with poly-L-lysine. Cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with
insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS) and recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(M-CSF). Mild trypsinisation was carried out to isolate microglia from mixed glia culture. Results:
Microglia cells of adult rats were successfully grown in vitro. For the expansion of adult microglia,
it was observed that coating the cell culture flasks with poly-L-lysine was crucial to encourage cell
adherence. The substitution of insulin in culture media with ITS was found to improve cell yield and
reduced the number of days required for culture from 28 days to 14 days. Addition of M-CSF to cell
culture medium, along with the improvisations described above provided the best adult microglia cell
yield (2.91 ± 0.56 x 106 cells) compared to the technique of replating cells (0.91 ± 0.65 x 106 cells;
p

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Evaluation of difference in the neurotoxicity produced by dermal application of chlorpyrifos on the neonatal and adult mice

Mitra NK, Lee MS, Nadarajah VD

Trop Biomed, 2010 Apr;27(1):19-29.
PMID: 20562809

Dermal exposure to organophosphate pesticide is important because of its popular use. This study planned to compare the changes in serum acetylcholinesterase, paraoxonase and neuronal density of hippocampus and iso-cortex between two age groups of Swiss albino mice (18-day-old and 150-day-old) after dermal application of (1/2) LD50 of chlorpyrifos for 14 days. Statistically significant reduction was observed in serum acetylcholinesterase (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05) and neuronal density (Independent samples t-test, p<0.05) in exposed groups compared to the control. The reduction in serum AChE and neuronal density was more pronounced in exposed adult mice than in exposed neonatal mice. The paraoxonase level was insignificant in control neonatal mice, whereas it was 890-fold more in exposed neonatal mice. Upregulated paraoxonase levels may be extrapolated to produce relatively lower reduction of cholinesterase and neuronal density in neonatal mice.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Experimental group A rotaviral infection in cynomolgus monkeys raised on formula diet

Leong YK, Awang A

Microbiol. Immunol., 1990;34(2):153-62.
PMID: 2161071

Rotaviral infections in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) were studied to ascertain its suitability as a model of infection and diarrhea caused by group A human rotaviruses. Formula-fed monkeys were used as they could be observed closely. Experimental rotaviral infection of cynomolgus monkeys was age-dependent; only young monkeys were readily infected. Formula-fed newborns were readily infected with cell-culture-adapted human (WA) and simian (SA11) viruses and with a rotavirus from a human fecal specimen. However, diarrhea was detected only in very young animals. A number of rotaviral shedding patterns as a function of time were observed. Although there was no typical viral shedding pattern which represented exclusive association of viral infection with diarrhea, the initial level of viral excretion and the maximum level of viral shedding attained were much higher in animals with diarrhea. Seroconversion occurred in less than half of the inoculated animals. The presence of maternal rotaviral antibodies did not prevent infection or diarrhea.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Extract from the paralyzed spinal cord of rats enhances neural stem cell proliferation in the neonatal rat brain by upregulating the Notch1/Hes1 pathway

Zhou Q, Tian L, Jia X, Ling KH, Mohd Nor NH, Harun MH, et al.

Minerva Pediatr (Torino), 2023 Oct;75(5):780-783.
PMID: 37284814 DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5276.23.07322-6
Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Geographical venom variations of the Southeast Asian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia): venom-induced neuromuscular depression and antivenom neutralization

Tan KY, Tan CH, Sim SM, Fung SY, Tan NH

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016 Jul-Aug;185-186:77-86.
PMID: 26972756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.03.005

The Southeast Asian monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) exhibit geographical variations in their venom proteomes, especially on the composition of neurotoxins. This study compared the neuromuscular depressant activity of the venoms of N. kaouthia from Malaysia (NK-M), Thailand (NK-T) and Vietnam (NK-V), and the neutralization of neurotoxicity by a monospecific antivenom. On chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, all venoms abolished the indirect twitches, with NK-T venom being the most potent (shortest t90, time to 90% twitch inhibition), followed by NK-V and NK-M. Acetylcholine and carbachol failed to reverse the blockade, indicating irreversible/pseudo-irreversible post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade. KCl restored the twitches variably (NK-M preparation being the least responsive), consistent with different degree of muscle damage. The findings support that NK-T venom has the most abundant curarimimetic alpha-neurotoxins, while NK-M venom contains more tissue-damaging cytotoxins. Pre-incubation of tissue with N. kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV) prevented venom-induced twitch depression, with the NK-T preparation needing the largest antivenom dose. NKMAV added after the onset of neuromuscular depression could only halt the inhibitory progression but failed to restore full contraction. The findings highlight the urgency of early antivenom administration to sequester as much circulating neurotoxins as possible, thereby hastening toxin elimination from the circulation. In envenomed mice, NKMAV administered upon the first neurological sign neutralized the neurotoxic effect, with the slowest full recovery noticed in the NK-T group. This is consistent with the high abundance of neurotoxins in the NK-T venom, implying that a larger amount or repeated dosing of NKMAV may be required in NK-T envenomation.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Fulltext Gestational age at time of in utero lipopolysaccharide exposure influences the severity of inflammation-induced diaphragm weakness in lambs

Karisnan K, Mahzabin T, Bakker AJ, Song Y, Noble PB, Pillow JJ, et al.

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2018 04 01;314(4):R523-R532.
PMID: 29212808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00150.2017

The preterm diaphragm is functionally immature compared with its term counterpart. In utero inflammation further exacerbates preterm diaphragm dysfunction. We hypothesized that preterm lambs are more vulnerable to in utero inflammation-induced diaphragm dysfunction compared with term lambs. Pregnant ewes received intra-amniotic (IA) injections of saline or 10 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2 or 7 days before delivery at 121 days (preterm) or ∼145 days (term) of gestation. Diaphragm contractile function was assessed in vitro. Plasma cytokines, diaphragm myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Maximum diaphragm force in preterm control lambs was significantly lower (22%) than in term control lambs ( P < 0.001). Despite similar inflammatory cytokine responses to in utero LPS exposure, diaphragm function in preterm and term lambs was affected differentially. In term lambs, maximum force after a 2-day LPS exposure was significantly lower than in controls (by ~20%, P < 0.05). In preterm lambs, maximum forces after 2-day and 7-day LPS exposures were significantly lower than in controls (by ~30%, P < 0.05). Peak twitch force after LPS exposure was significantly lower in preterm than in controls, but not in term lambs. In term lambs, LPS exposure increased the proportion of MHC-I fibers, increased twitch contraction times, and increased fatigue resistance relative to controls. In preterm diaphragm, the cross-sectional area of embryonic MHC fibers was significantly lower after 7-day versus 2-day LPS exposures. We conclude that preterm lambs are more vulnerable to IA LPS-induced diaphragm dysfunction than term lambs. In utero inflammation exacerbates diaphragm dysfunction and may increase susceptibility to postnatal respiratory failure.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Haematologic and growth response to prepartum administration of vitamin A in calves

Salam Abdullah A, Vijchulata P, Sivarajasingam S, Ragavan K

Growth, 1987;51(2):198-201.
PMID: 3678931

Injectable vitamin A was given to six pregnant beef cows in their last third of pregnancy to study the effect of this vitamin in their calves. Average birth weight and growth rate of calves from the treated cows were higher than that of calves from the nontreated cows. Prepartum vitamin A injections also resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total serum protein and globulin fraction of serum protein in calves of treated cows.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn/blood; Animals, Newborn/growth & development*
Hippocampal neural cell degeneration and memory deficit in high-fat diet-induced postnatal obese rats- exploring the comparable benefits of choline and DHA or environmental enrichment

Prabhu GS, K G Rao M, Rai KS

Int J Neurosci, 2021 Nov;131(11):1066-1077.
PMID: 32498586 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1773819

PURPOSE: Childhood obesity increases risk for neural dysfunctions causing learning and memory deficits. The objective of the study is to identify the effects of high fat diet-induced obesity in postnatal period on serum lipids, memory and neural cell survival in hippocampus and compare the role of choline and DHA or environmental enrichment in attenuating the alterations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 21 day postnatal male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned as Normal control [NC] fed normal chow diet, Obesity-induced [OB] fed high fat diet, Obesity-induced fed choline & DHA [OB + CHO + DHA], Obesity-induced environmental enrichment [OB + EE] [n = 8/group]. Memory was assessed using radial arm maze. Subsequently blood was collected for serum lipid analysis and rats were euthanized. 5 µm hippocampal sections were processed for cresyl-violet stain. Surviving neural cells were counted using 100 µm scale.
RESULTS: Memory errors were significantly higher [p

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn
Human enterovirus 71 subgenotype B3 lacks coxsackievirus A16-like neurovirulence in mice infection

Chan YF, AbuBakar S

Virol J, 2005;2:74.
PMID: 16122396

At least three different EV-71 subgenotypes were identified from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998. The subgenotypes C2 and B4 were associated with the severe and fatal infections, whereas the B3 virus was associated with mild to subclinical infections. The B3 virus genome sequences had >= 85% similarity at the 3' end to CV-A16. This offers opportunities to examine if there are characteristic similarities and differences in virulence between CV-A16, EV-71 B3 and EV-71 B4 and to determine if the presence of the CV-A16-liked genes in EV-71 B3 would also confer the virus with a CV-A16-liked neurovirulence in mice model infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Animals, Newborn

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