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Knowledge, attitude and practice of Malay folk methods in family planning

Ab Razak R

Malays J Reprod Health, 1985;3(1 Supplement):S64-81.
PMID: 12320798
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Fulltext Consistent condom use and its predictors among female sexual Partners of People who Inject Drugs in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Abdul Manaf R, Dickson N, Lovell S, Ibrahim F

BMC Public Health, 2019 Nov 07;19(1):1473.
PMID: 31699061 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7855-1

BACKGROUND: Men who inject drugs (MWIDs) comprise the highest percentage of diagnosed HIV cases in Malaysia. Their female partners risk being infected through unprotected sexual contact. This paper reports the prevalence of consistent condom use and its predictors among the wives and regular sexual partners of MWIDs in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among the wives and regular sexual partners of MWIDs in the study location; 221 women were recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Data were analysed descriptively for the prevalence of consistent condom use, HIV status and HIV risk-related behaviour. Subsequently, simple and multiple logistic regressions were undertaken to identify the predictors of consistent condom use.
RESULTS: The prevalence of consistent condom use among respondents was 19.5%. Slightly more than half (52.5%) of respondents had never used condoms with their partner. Fourteen women (6.3%) reported being HIV positive. While 7.7% had HIV-positive partners, 45.7% were unaware of their partner's HIV status. Consistent condom use was significantly higher among single women (AOR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.45, 9.99), women who lived in urban areas (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.30, 6.78), HIV-positive women (AOR = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.13, 10.5) and women involved in sex work (AOR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.45, 8.67).
CONCLUSIONS: Inconsistent condom use among the majority of female sexual partners of MWIDs underscores the heightened risk faced by these women and calls for alternative prevention methods that women are able to control.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior/statistics & numerical data*
Breast-feeding in some developing countries

Ahmad M

Egypt Popul Fam Plann Rev, 1979;13(1-2):168-86.
PMID: 12312263

PIP: Responses to questions relating to breastfeeding in the World Fertility Surveys of South Korea, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh are analyzed. Of these countries, the percentage of ever-married women who had breastfed in the last closed interval was between 94-99%, except for Malaysia (81%) and average number of months breastfeeding took place was from 16.5-19.2, except for Malaysia (7.3). The infant mortality rate in these countries was 33/1000 live births for South Korea, 45/1000 for Malaysia, 51/1000 for Sri Lanka, 137/1000 for Indonesia, 150/1000 for Bangladesh, and 152/1000 for Nepal. Responses, however, might vary according to different interview situations. Assuming that the reporting errors are of similar magnitude and direction, the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and the birth interval can be studied. But it is possible that breastfeeding was prolonged due to other reasons for which conception was delayed; thus the regression of breastfeeding duration on the birth interval is not as logical as the regression of the birth interval on the breastfeeding is, especially when habitual breastfeeding can be avoided. The negative relationship between breastfeeding and infant mortality does exist, assuming that a woman breastfeeds all her children for similar durations. Some breastfeeding differentials are place of residence (less for rural areas), education (reduces duration), and religion (Christians have shorter duration than Muslims, Hindus, or Buddhists). In South Korea the mean length of breastfeeding of women aged 25-34 and 35-44 are 17.5 and 20.5, and women using contraceptives are 26% for 25-34 and 20% for 35-44. South Korea also has the highest level of breastfeeding, highest incidence of ever use of contraceptives, and a very low level of fertility. Nepal and Bangladesh have a high level of breastfeeding but since their contraceptive incidence is low, their fertility level remains high. Some areas of further research include influence of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Pregnancy after contraceptive use

Ang Eng Suan, Arshat H

Malays J Reprod Health, 1986 Jun;4(1):6-11.
PMID: 12268570

PIP: The initial results of a study conducted to develop guidelines for the clinical management of family planning acceptors with regard to return of fertility following contraceptive use, are presented. 193 parous women attending an urban family planning clinic were interviewed regarding their last pregnancy conceived after stopping a method of contraception. The average interval to pregnancy was 3.9, 2.8 and 1.8 months for ex-users of oral pills, intrauterine devices and conventional methods of contraception, respectively, with median delays to conception of 1.9, 1 and within the 1st month for the 3 categories. In comparison, 149 women who had not used any method at all took 7.3 months before becoming pregnant. Selected variables including age and parity, duration of use and problems encountered, and outcome of pregnancy are further analysed. Follow-up investigations and treatment are recommended 12 months after stopping oral pills and 6 months after removal of intrauterine device for those who have not yet conceived.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Study of rigevidon for oral contraception in a family planning clinic in Kota Bahru, Kelantan

Ang Eng Suan, Karim HA

Malays J Reprod Health, 1990 Jun;8(1):31-7.
PMID: 12316342
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
A comparative study of Loestrin versus Nordette in Kelantan, West Malaysia

Arshat H

Malays J Reprod Health, 1984 Jun;2(1):25-31.
PMID: 12267518
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Nonsurgical female sterilization with quinacrine pellets: Malaysian experience

Arshat H, Ang Eng Suan, Kwa Siew Kim

Malays J Reprod Health, 1987 Dec;5(2):61-9.
PMID: 12315185
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
A study of the acceptability and effectiveness of Norplant (R) contraceptive implants in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arshat H, Rachagan SP, Kwa Siew Kim, Ang Eng Suan, Karim HA, Ismail MT

Malays J Reprod Health, 1990 Jun;8(1):21-9.
PMID: 12316341
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Filshie Clip sterilization trial in Malaysia

Arshat H, Puraviappan AP, Thambu J, Ali J, Harun R

Malays J Reprod Health, 1984 Jun;2(1):14-9.
PMID: 12267516
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
An overview of the population dynamics in Malaysia

Arshat H, Tey Nai Peng

Malays J Reprod Health, 1988 Jun;6(1):23-46.
PMID: 12281592
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Determinants of waiting time to third pregnancy using censored linear regression

Awang H

J Biosoc Sci, 2003 Jan;35(1):59-70.
PMID: 12537156

The intervals between pregnancies have important effects on fertility and maternal and infant health outcomes. This study uses linear regression with censored observation to assess the determinants of the waiting time to third pregnancy. The analysis is applied to data from the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey consisting of 1172 women who had their second delivery ending in a live birth. Contraceptive use, age of the woman, duration of breast-feeding, length of previous pregnancy interval and education of the woman all affect the waiting time to third pregnancy significantly.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Fulltext K.A.P. study of family planning among married Orang Asli women of Kuala Langat district, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Baba Y

Malays J Reprod Health, 1990 Dec;8(2):72-6.
PMID: 12343151

A study of knowledge, attitude and practice was carried out among sixty nine married Orang Asli women in the district of Kuaia Langat. The study showed that oniy a smail proportion of the women were using family planning methods. About half of the study women were stiil uncertain with regards to their attitude towards family planning. The findings aiso showed that there was no diversity of the methods with oral contraceptive being the major choice. Majority of the husbands had indeed positive feeling towards family planning. The women also considered breastfeeding as a major method of contraception.
PIP: A knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) study of 69 married Orang Asli women from Kuala Langat district, Malaysia is reported. The Orang Asli comprise 2744 people in 412 households served by rural health services and a few private practitioners. The median age of the sample was 16.3 years, of whom 18.8% were married before age 15. 47.8% knew of family planning methods. 53.6% of the women said that they and their husbands approved of family planning, 2.9% disapproved, and the rest were undecided. Only 30.4% had discussed family planning with their husbands. 21.7% stated that they would use contraception, either the pill or sterilization, after their family was completed.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Fulltext Factors associated with crisis pregnancies in Ireland: findings from three nationally representative sexual health surveys

Bourke A, Kelleher C, Boduszek D, Morgan K

Reprod Health, 2015;12:14.
PMID: 25884222 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-015-0005-z

Findings on the demographic and sexual health characteristics associated with the experience of a crisis pregnancy are important to inform the public health policy of a country, including Ireland. Studies from other jurisdictions have suggested that certain demographic groups are at risk for unintended pregnancies and the disparity between the groups has been growing in recent years. Ireland is a country which experienced much economic and societal change in the first decade of the 21(st) century; changes which are likely to have affected demographic variables pertaining to sexual health. The current study had two aims: to investigate changes in the socioeconomic characteristics associated with crisis pregnancies over a seven year period [2003 to 2010], and to investigate the recent [2010] socioeconomic risk factors associated with crisis pregnancies in Ireland.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Disturbing trends in abortions in Singapore--analysis in a private clinic

Chew SC

Singapore Med J, 1988 Feb;29(1):28-9.
PMID: 3406761

The figures for abortions performed under The Abortion Act, 1974 of Singapore in a private clinic over a period of 20 months were studied. Overall, an alarming proportion of repeat abortions were found, and this was true for all age groups suggesting that abortions are being used as a regular method of family planning in Singapore.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Correlates of short interbirth intervals in Peninsular Malaysia: their pathways of influence through breastfeeding and contraceptive use

Da Vanzo J, Starbird EH

Stud Fam Plann, 1991 Jul-Aug;22(4):241-54.
PMID: 1949106 DOI: 10.2307/1966480

Recent research has shown that children born before and after short birth intervals run a considerably greater risk of dying in infancy or childhood than do others. This report investigates which women have short interbirth intervals, under what circumstances, and for what reasons. The analysis uses data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey to examine influences on the two main behaviors--breastfeeding and contraceptive use--that affect birth interval length, and assesses the the impact of these same variables on the probability of having a birth interval of less than 15 months. The analysis shows that many of the independent variables affect breastfeeding and contraceptive use in opposite directions, with no significant net effect on the likelihood of a short interval. For example, a woman's education is negatively related to the probability that she breastfeeds, positively related to the probability that she uses contraceptives, and has no significant effect on the likelihood that the interpregnancy interval is less than 15 months. Having a family planning clinic nearby is associated with less breastfeeding, offsetting whatever positive effects family planning clinics have on contraceptive use in terms of the percentage of birth intervals that are so short as to be detrimental to infant and child health. Hence, factors that increase contraceptive use do not necessarily reduce the incidence of short interbirth intervals, because they are also associated with reduced breastfeeding. We simulate the proportion of intervals that would be short for alternative combinations of breastfeeding and contraceptive use in the population and show that over the period covered by the data (1961-75), breastfeeding had a considerably greater effect on preventing short interbirth intervals than did contraceptive use.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Contraceptive method switching in Peninsular Malaysia: ethnic differences, 1940s-1970s

Davanzo J, Starbird E, Reboussin D, Tan Boon Ann, Abdullah SH

Malays J Reprod Health, 1988 Jun;6(1):1-21.
PMID: 12281591
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior*
Integrated population-development program performance: the Malaysian Felda experience

Fong CO

J Dev Areas, 1985 Jan;19(2):149-70.
PMID: 12313937
Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Estimation of fecundability from survey data

Goldman N, Westoff CF, Paul LE

Stud Fam Plann, 1985 Sep-Oct;16(5):252-9.
PMID: 4060210 DOI: 10.2307/1966998

The estimation of fecundability from survey data is plagued by methodological problems such as misreporting of dates of birth and marriage and the occurrence of premarital exposure to the risk of conception. Nevertheless, estimates of fecundability from World Fertility Survey data for women married in recent years appear to be plausible for most of the surveys analyzed here and are quite consistent with estimates reported in earlier studies. The estimates presented in this article are all derived from the first interval, the interval between marriage or consensual union and the first live birth conception.
PIP: The estimation of fecundability from survey data is plagued by methodological problems such as misreporting of dates of birth and marriage and the occurrence of premarital exposure to the risk of conception. The availability of data collected with a standard interview schedule from over 40 countries in the World Fertility Survey (WFS) is an invaluable resource for assessing the potential utility of measures of fecundability derived from single-round surveys as well as for comparing estimates across countries and regions of the world. In this article, data are used from 5 WFSs in Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico and Paraguay) and 3 in Asia (Korea, Malaysia and Sri Lanka) to determine the general usefulness of single-round survey data for the estimation of fecundability from survey data, given the limited information on contraceptive use available from many surveys and the data quality problems associated with reports of dates of marriage and dates of birth. Explored in the process are several different procedures for estimation and variations in estimates of fecundability by country, time period, and women's age. For most of this analysis, the median waiting time to conception in the absence of contraception is used as a measure of fecundability. All of the estimates presented are derived from the 1st birth interval. The estimates are based on data collected in both the birth and the marriage histories in the WFS individual interviews. The 8 surveys chosen for this analysis are characterized by relatively complete reporting of dates of birth and marriage. The primary conclusion of this exercise is that reasonable estimates of fecundability can be derived from WFS data only if one is careful to avoid numerous methodological pitfalls. The most plausible estimates appear to be for women married in the period from about 2 to 10 years before the survey. The average waiting times to 1st conception range from about 4 to 7 months; the corresponding monthly probabilities of conception lie between 0.17 and 0.26. The effect of age at marriage on fecundability is most apparent for ages below 16; differences between women married at ages 16-17 and at ages 18 and above are more modest. Suggestions for improvement of the estimation of fecundability by including a number of questions in survey questionnaires are presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Fulltext Factors associated with postpartum family planning in a cohort of Kelantanese women with previous caesarean delivery in Malaysia

Hafizah I, Tengku Alina TI, Suhaily MH, Zaharah S

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2020;19(1):85-97.
MyJurnal

This community-based, cross-sectional study aimed to identify the factors associated with
postpartum family planning use among a cohort of women with recent caesarean delivery in a state with the
lowest contraceptive use in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A total of 281 women aged between 18-49
years old who had caesarean delivery in government tertiary centres in Kelantan from January until April
2017 were enrolled in this study. The study was conducted from January until April 2018. Women were
selected through stratified random sampling with probability proportional to size. Data were collected
through a validated structured questionnaire. The main outcome was binary (postpartum family planning use
or non-use). The factors included socio-demographic details, reproductive history, previous contraceptive
use, contraceptive health education received, knowledge, and social support. Simple and multiple logistic
regression were conducted to identify significant determinants of postpartum family planning use. Results:
The factors associated with postpartum family planning use included a secondary and below education level
of women (AOR= 2.37, 95% CI (1.05, 5.34)), previous contraceptive use (AOR= 9.82, 95% CI (4.81, 20.06)),
individual health education (AOR= 4.19, 95% CI (1.23, 14.30)), higher knowledge score (AOR= 1.12, 95% CI
(1.03, 1.23)), and higher social support score (AOR= 1.09, 95% CI (1.03, 1.16)). Conclusions: here remains a
need to enhance personalised contraceptive counselling in the primary care setting as well as to promote
longer acting reversible contraceptive methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior
Efficacy of Contrasperm as a male contraceptive: clinical trials in Malaysian men

Hamid A, Jaffar A

Malays J Reprod Health, 1983 Jan;1(1):75-82.
PMID: 12279893

PIP:
The efficacy of a recently marketed posttesticular male oral contraceptive, Contrasperm, was assessed in a clinical trial involving 32 Malaysian volunteers ages 21-39 years. Contrasperm is claimed to be a pure botanical extract free of toxic chemicals, steroids, and hormones. The drug is believed to cause cells surrounding the sperm in the seminiferous tubules to secrete carbon dioxide, producing a weakly acidic environment that greatly increases the sperms' metabolism and reduces the pH of semen from its normal level of 7.5 to 1.5. The manufacturer claims that this drop in pH decreases motility from 95% to 0%. Semen samples were collected by masturbation from subjects to provide baseline data. 3 days after the initial sperm analysis, subjects were given 1 capsule of Contrasperm containing 10 mcg of the active ingredient. Additional semen analyses were conducted 30 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours after ingestion. Sperm count and sperm motility were greatly reduced in most subjects 30 minutes after ingestion. However, 6 subjects had increased sperm counts and 4 subjects demonstrated increased sperm motility, indicating an enhancing effect. At 6 hours after ingestion, 20 subjects had lowered sperm motility and 12 subjects showed normal sperm motility, contradicting the manufacturer's claim that motility is reduced to 0%. Although Contrasperm is claimed to be effective for 6-8 hours after ingestion, its effect wore off in less than 6 hours in 37% of subjects. Both sperm count and sperm motility returned to normal levels 24 hours after ingestion, confirming the reversibility of this drug. Most subjects reported mild side effects such as muscle weakness, blurred vision, dizziness, perspiration, urgency, abnormal muscle tension, and dry throat which persisted longer than 24 hours. Further studies, with proper controls, are needed to assess the reliability and toxicity of this preparation.

Matched MeSH terms: Contraception Behavior

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