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  1. Steroid-induced diabetes mellitus in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: analysis from a Malaysian multi-ethnic lupus cohort
    Shaharir SS, Gafor AH, Said MS, Kong NC
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2015 Jun;18(5):541-7.
    PMID: 25294584 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12474
    OBJECTIVE:
    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease and glucocorticoid is the mainstay of treatment in SLE. The reported incidence of steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SDM) ranged between 1-53%. We sought to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of SDM in patients with SLE.

    METHODOLOGY:
    A total of 100 SLE patients attending the Nephrology/SLE and Rheumatology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) who received corticosteroid treatment were recruited. The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was based on the 2010 American Diabetes Association's criteria. Prevalent cases of SDM were also included. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with SDM.

    RESULTS:
    Thirteen of them (13%) developed SDM, with the median onset of diagnosis from commencement of glucocorticoid treatment being 8 years (range 0.5-21 years). Although only seven Indians were recruited into the study, three of them (42.9%) had SDM compared to Malays (9.3%) and Chinese (12.8%) (P ≤ 0.05). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that higher numbers of system or organ involvement in SLE, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and daily prednisolone of ≥ 1 mg/kg/day were the important associated factors of SDM (P ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use was associated with reduced SDM prevalence (P < 0.05).

    CONCLUSION:
    The prevalence of SDM among SLE patients was 13% and Indians were more prone to develop SDM compared to other races. Higher numbers of system involvement, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and the use of oral prednisolone of ≥ 1 mg/kg/day were associated with SDM, while HCQ use potentially protects against SDM.

    © 2014 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

    KEYWORDS:
    SLE drug treatment; clinical aspects; systemic lupus erythematous
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  2. Vitamin D levels: its relationship to bone mineral density response and disease activity in premenopausal Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients on corticosteroids
    Yeap SS, Othman AZ, Zain AA, Chan SP
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2012 Feb;15(1):17-24.
    PMID: 22324943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01653.x
    AIM: To determine if baseline vitamin D levels would influence the gain in bone mineral density (BMD) in female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients on corticosteroids (CS) taking bone-active medication.

    METHOD: Premenopausal SLE patients participating in a trial assessing the efficacy of calcium alone, calcitriol and calcium, and alendronate and calcium, on BMD in patients on CS, were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to the treatment groups at the start of the study and followed up for 2 years. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured at baseline.

    RESULTS:   Thirty-eight patients were studied. One (2%) patient had osteoporosis, nine (24%) had osteopenia and all others had normal BMD. The mean baseline 25(OH)D levels were 21.6 ± 4.6 ng/mL (± 1 SD). Twelve (32%) patients had vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL]. There was a significant negative correlation between SLEDAI scores and 25(OH)D levels, that is, patients with high SLEDAI scores had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.033). Left femoral neck BMD was significantly lower in the deficient compared to insufficient group (P = 0.042). There was a trend toward better BMD gain at 2 years in the vitamin D insufficient compared to the deficient group, which did not reach statistical significance.

    CONCLUSION: This study showed that in female SLE patients, low vitamin D levels are associated with higher disease activity and suggests that patients who have higher vitamin D levels have a better BMD response during treatment with bone-active agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  3. The spectrum of ocular involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without ocular symptoms
    Soo MPK, Chow SK, Tan CT, Nadior N, Yeap SS, Hoh HB
    Lupus, 2000;9(7):511-4.
    PMID: 11035416 DOI: 10.1177/096120330000900706
    The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum of clinical ocular involvement in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have no ocular symptoms. Patients with a diagnosis of SLE based on the 1982 revised American College of Rheumatology criteria and with no ocular complaints were recruited from the SLE clinic. Clinical data regarding their systemic disease and disease activity were recorded and a full ophthalmic examination carried out. 52 patients of mixed ethnicity comprising of 75% Chinese, 19% Malays and 6% Indian patients were recruited. Of these, 51 (98%) were female with a mean age of 34+/-11 (range 16-74 y). 16 (31%) patients had dry eyes while corticosteroid induced glaucoma and cataract was detected in 1 (2%) and 7 (14%) patients, respectively. No patients were found to have sight-threatening ocular conditions such as cotton wool spots, vasculitis, optic neuropathy or uveitis. Patients with clinically inactive disease were found not to have sight-threatening ocular diseases that are known to be associated with SLE. Although they have no ocular complaints, nearly one-third of these patients have dry eyes. Ocular examination may be unnecessary when the disease is clinically inactive and in the absence of ocular symptoms.
    Study site: SLE clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  4. Fulltext Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate AMG 557 in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Active Lupus Arthritis
    Cheng LE, Amoura Z, Cheah B, Hiepe F, Sullivan BA, Zhou L, et al.
    Arthritis Rheumatol, 2018 07;70(7):1071-1076.
    PMID: 29513931 DOI: 10.1002/art.40479
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of AMG 557, a fully human antibody directed against the inducible T cell costimulator ligand (ICOSL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with arthritis.

    METHODS: In this phase Ib, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients received AMG 557 210 mg (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) weekly for 3 weeks, then every other week for 10 additional doses. The corticosteroid dosage was tapered to ≤7.5 mg/day by day 85, and immunosuppressants were discontinued by day 29. Primary end points on day 169 were safety, immunogenicity, the Lupus Arthritis Response Index (LARI; defined by a reduction in the tender and swollen joint counts), ≥1-letter improvement in the musculoskeletal domain of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, and medication discontinuation. The secondary/exploratory end points were changes in the tender and swollen joint counts, BILAG index scores (musculoskeletal, global), and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).

    RESULTS: The incidence of adverse events, most of which were mild, was similar between groups. LARI responses occurred in 3 of 10 patients receiving AMG 557 and 1 of 10 patients receiving placebo (P = 0.58). More patients in the AMG 557 group achieved a ≥4-point improvement in the SLEDAI score on day 169 (7 of 10 patients) compared with the placebo group (2 of 10 patients) (P = 0.07). Patients treated with AMG 557 (versus placebo) had greater improvements from baseline in the global BILAG index scores (-36.3% versus -24.7%) and the SLEDAI score (-47.8% versus -10.7%) and in tender (-22.8% versus -13.5%) and swollen (-62.1% versus -7.8%) joint counts on day 169.

    CONCLUSION: AMG 557 showed safety and potential efficacy, supporting further evaluation of the clinical efficacy of ICOSL blockade in patients with SLE.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  5. Macrophage activation syndrome as an initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus with sensorineural hearing loss in a young male patient
    Tan CL, Yahaya MH, Ahmad NS, Lim CH
    BMJ Case Rep, 2020 Mar 12;13(3).
    PMID: 32169986 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233330
    An 18-year-old male adolescent presented with prolonged high spiking temperature, photosensitive rash, oral ulcers and reduced hearing bilaterally of recent onset. Examination revealed malar rash, vasculitis rash over bilateral palms and soles, oral and buccal ulcers, palpable posterior auricular and inguinal lymph nodes, and reduced hearing bilaterally. His further investigations noted pancytopaenia, elevated transaminases, hyperferritinaemia, low C3 and C4 levels, positive antinuclear antibody, double-stranded DNA and direct Coombs test, while bone marrow aspiration revealed active phagocytic activity suggestive of hemophagocytic syndrome. We made a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with macrophage activation syndrome. We treated him with pulse intravenous methylprednisolone and his condition improved drastically. Temperature resolved on the next day after intravenous methylprednisolone; bilateral sensorineural hearing loss improved to near-normal hearing after treatment. He remained well during follow-up with a tapering dose of prednisolone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  6. A case of minimal change disease complicated by acute kidney injury in systemic lupus erythematosus
    Wong KW
    Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2014 Nov;25(6):1308-11.
    PMID: 25394457
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  7. Recurrent spontaneous subdural hematoma secondary to immune thrombocytopenia in a patient with overlap syndrome
    Goh KG, Ong SG
    Lupus, 2015 Jan;24(1):90-3.
    PMID: 25305213 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314554248
    Patients with autoimmune connective tissue disease may manifest as overlap syndrome with features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and myositis. Those presenting with active SLE can present with immune thrombocytopenia (IT) and may be complicated with subdural hematoma which, though rare, is potentially life-threatening. We report here a patient with overlap syndrome who had recurrent spontaneous subdural hematoma due to severe thrombocytopenia which did not respond to corticosteroids and azathioprine. Her platelet count became normal with three doses of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV CYC) given at 3-weekly intervals. She remained in remission with maintenance therapy with azathioprine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  8. Open label randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of mycophenolate sodium against other conventional immunosuppressive agents in active systemic lupus erythematosus patients without renal involvement
    Yahya F, Jasmin R, Ng CT, Cheah TE, Sockalingam S
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2013 Dec;16(6):724-30.
    PMID: 24119227 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12179
    Mycophenolate is an immunosuppressive agent which has been used in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients who have failed conventional therapy. However, the use of mycophenolate sodium in extra-renal SLE involvement has yet to be established. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of mycophenolate sodium in extra-renal SLE.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  9. Successful treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with oral cyclophosphamide
    Jasmin R, Sockalingam S, Shahrizaila N, Cheah TE, Zain AA, Goh KJ
    Lupus, 2012 Sep;21(10):1119-23.
    PMID: 22433918 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312440346
    Peripheral neuropathy is a known manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the association of primary autoimmune inflammatory neuropathies such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) with SLE is uncommon. We report a 26-year-old man who simultaneously presented with severe CIDP and photosensitive rash, but was unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin infusion and continued to progress. He was found to have underlying SLE and improved with combined corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy with oral cyclophosphamide. CIDP with underlying SLE may be more resistant to conventional therapy with IVIG, requiring the addition of other immunosuppressive agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  10. Systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies: the Sarawak experience and review of lupus pregnancies in Asia
    Teh CL, Wong JS, Ngeh NK, Loh WL
    Rheumatol Int, 2011 Sep;31(9):1153-7.
    PMID: 20349069 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1435-0
    We performed a cross-sessional study of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pregnancies during a 4-year period (2006-2009) to describe the clinical features, maternal and foetal outcomes in our centre. There were 48 pregnancies in 44 women with SLE. Our patients have a mean age of 30.0 years (SD 6.36) and a mean disease duration of 40.67 months (SD 48.23). Our patients have complicated pregnancies: 32.7% have SLE flares, 17.3% have preeclampsia and 48.9% needed caesarean sections. There were 20.0% foetal losses and 17.8% preterm deliveries in our patients. SLE flares contributed to 60.0% of foetal losses in our patients. Lupus pregnancies in our centre generally have a good maternal and foetal outcome comparable to developed countries in Asia. The low incidence of APS, the high usage of hydroxychloroquine and the high SLE remission rate in our patients prior to conceptions contributed to the good outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  11. Ovarian failure in oral cyclophosphamide treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus
    Wang CL, Wang F, Bosco JJ
    Lupus, 1995 Feb;4(1):11-4.
    PMID: 7767332 DOI: 10.1177/096120339500400103
    Ninety-two women with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with oral cyclophosphamide were studied to ascertain the prevalence and the factors associated with ovarian dysfunction. Menstrual disturbance during treatment occurred in 55% of patients: 36% had amenorrhoea and 19% had oligomenorrhoea. Sustained oligomenorrhoea occurred in 12% patients. Permanent amenorrhoea (> 12 months) after cessation of oral cyclophosphamide occurred in 27% of patients. Hormonal studies in these patients were consistent with ovarian failure. Older age at initiation of treatment and high cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide were found to be associated with this outcome. There was a trend towards linear relationship between the age of initiation of cyclophosphamide therapy and frequency of amenorrhoea. A statistically significant association between amenorrhoea and cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide after adjustment for age was found whereas no such association was linked to the duration of treatment. Fourteen of the 23 women who wished to become pregnant after cessation of treatment conceived resulting in 20 live births and two abortions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  12. Fulltext Steroid-induced osteoporosis--a cause for concern?
    Tan TT, Lau IS, Kong NC, Zainal AG
    Malays J Pathol, 1997 Jun;19(1):27-33.
    PMID: 10879239
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  13. Role of Angiography in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Induced Choroiditis
    Lee KR, Peng LY, Iqbal TB, Subrayan V
    Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2018;26(8):1146-1149.
    PMID: 28362518 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1298821
    PURPOSE: To report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus-induced choroidal vasculitis.

    METHODS: A 34-year-old woman with a long-standing history of systemic lupus erythematosus had a sudden painless loss of vision in the right eye over 12 hours. Ocular examination revealed a visual acuity of counting fingers of 1 foot on the right eye and 20/20 on the left. There was a relative afferent pupillary defect on the right side with a pink, distinct optic disk margin.

    RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography of the macula and fundus fluorescein angiogram for the eyes were normal. The MRI brain and orbit with the cerebral MRA did not show signs of optic neuritis or occipital vasculitic changes. However, the indocyanine green angiography revealed patches of ill-defined areas of choroidal hypofluorescence in the early- to mid-phase in the macula region.

    CONCLUSION: ICGA becomes the crucial tool in unmasking the presence of choroidal vasculitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  14. Fulltext Malignancy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients
    Cader RA, Mei Yee AK, Yassin A, Ahmad I, Haron SN
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Dec 25;19(12):3551-3555.
    PMID: 30583682
    Background: Malignancies are among the leading causes of death in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
    patients with studies reporting a higher prevalence of malignancy in SLE patients compared to the general population.
    We wanted to determine the frequency of cancer in a cohort of SLE patients and identify its associated risk factors.
    Methods: Cross-sectional study involving SLE patients attending the nephrology outpatient clinic, Universiti
    Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre between January and June 2014. Results: We recruited 228 patients (207 female,
    21 male), aged 40.48 ± 12.86 years with mean SLE duration of 11.65 ± 6.46 years. Majority (87%) had lupus nephritis
    and were in remission with a median SLEDAI score 2 (0, 14). Majority (89%) were on corticosteroid with either a
    steroid sparing agent like mycophenolate mofetil (15.4%), azathioprine (36.8%) or ciclosporin (15.4%). One hundred
    and sixty (70.2%) patients were either receiving or had received intravenous cyclophosphamide with median dose
    of 5,173.6 ± 3,242.4 mg. Seven female patients were diagnosed with cancer during the course of their SLE with 56
    (34-78) years being median age at malignancy and SLE duration of 4 (0-12) years. Majority (5/7) had lupus nephritis
    and all patients a median dose of prednisolone 10 (2.5, 10) mg with 10 (4-24) years of steroids. Two patients had a
    family history of cancer with majority developing cancer after the diagnosis of SLE. Two patients received intravenous
    cyclophosphamide prior to the development of cancer for their SLE compared to overall cohort of 160. Three patients
    had colorectal cancer, 2 had cervical cancer, 1 had breast cancer, and one patient had germ cell tumour and one thyroid
    cancer. All patients had their cancer successful treated with no signs of recurrence. Conclusion: We found a lower
    occurrence of cancer in our SLE patients as compared with the reported literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  15. Fulltext Systemic lupus erythematosus and melioidosis
    Che Rahim MJ, Mohammad N, Kamaruddin MI, Wan Ghazali WS
    BMJ Case Rep, 2019 Jul 01;12(7).
    PMID: 31266760 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229974
    We reported a case of a young female patient presented with sepsis and diagnosed with melioidosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) within the same admission. She presented with 1-week history of productive cough, progressive dyspnoea together with prolonged fever, arthralgia, rashes and oral ulcers. She had septicemic shock, respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilation in intensive care unit and subsequently developed acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis. Antibiotics and immunosuppressive treatment including low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide were commenced. She had a remarkable recovery and was discharged after 6 weeks. There was no evidence of active SLE or relapse of melioidosis during clinic follow-ups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  16. Fulltext Damage in the multiethnic Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort: Comparison with other cohorts worldwide
    Shaharir SS, Hussein H, Rajalingham S, Mohamed Said MS, Abdul Gafor AH, Mohd R, et al.
    PLoS One, 2016;11(11):e0166270.
    PMID: 27846298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166270
    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease and despite the improvement in the survival in the past few decades, the morbidity due to disease damage remains significant. The objectives of this study were to investigate the disease damagepattern and determine the associated factors of damage in the multi-ethnic Malaysian SLE patients. We consecutively 424SLE patients who attended a consistent follow-up at the National University of Malaysia Medical Centre and Putrajaya Hospital were recruited. Disease damage was assessed using the SLICC/ACR (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology) Damage Index (SDI) scores. Information on their demographics and disease characteristics were obtained from the clinical record. Univariate analysis was performed and the best model of independent predictors of disease damage was determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 182 patients (42.9%) had disease damage (SDI ≥1). A significantly higher number of Indian patients had disease/organ damage and they predominantly developed steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SDM). Patients with corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (CIOP) were more likely to be Malayswhile majority of patients who developed malignancy were Chinese (p<0.05). In the univariate and multivariate analyses, disease damage was significantly associated with age, Indian ethnicity, lower mean cumulative C3 level, neuropsychiatry lupus (NPSLE), and antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS). Patients who had ever and early treatment with hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)were less likely to develop disease damage while more patients who had received oral prednisolone ≥1mg/kg daily over 2 weeks had disease damage (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were inter-ethnic differences in the damage pattern and risks among SLE patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  17. A comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and alendronate in corticosteroid-treated premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    Yeap SS, Fauzi AR, Kong NC, Halim AG, Soehardy Z, Rahimah I, et al.
    J Rheumatol, 2008 Dec;35(12):2344-7.
    PMID: 19004038 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080634
    OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral density (BMD) changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) undergoing longterm therapy with corticosteroids (CS) while taking calcium, calcitriol, or alendronate. The primary endpoint was BMD changes at 2 years.
    METHODS: Premenopausal SLE patients were randomized into 3 groups according to medication: calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcium alone), calcitriol 0.25 microg bd plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcitriol + calcium), and alendronate 70 mg/week plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (alendronate + calcium). BMD was measured at baseline and at the end of the first and second years.
    RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were recruited. There were 33 patients taking calcium alone, 33 calcitriol + calcium, and 32 alendronate + calcium. On randomization, median duration of CS use was 2.5 years (range 0-20 yrs). Seventy-seven patients (78.6%) completed the study (23 taking calcium alone, 27 calcitriol + calcium, 27 alendronate + calcium). There were no significant differences in mean CS dosages among the 3 groups at the time of BMD measurements. After 2 years, there were no significant changes in BMD in the calcium-alone and calcitriol + calcium groups, apart from a 0.93% (p < 0.001) reduction in total hip BMD in the calcium-alone group. In contrast, the alendronate + calcium group showed significant increases in BMD of 2.69% (p < 0.001) in the lumbar spine and 1.41% (p < 0.001) in total hip.
    CONCLUSION: Both calcium alone and calcitriol + calcium preserved lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal patients with SLE taking longterm CS at 2 years, whereas alendronate + calcium led to increases in BMD in lumbar spine and total hip. Premenopausal women taking CS should be considered for osteoporosis prophylaxis.
    Study site: Outpatient clinics in 2 teaching hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  18. Fulltext Hypercementosis: a rare finding in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
    Shoor H, Sujir N, Mutalik S, Pai KM
    BMJ Case Rep, 2014;2014.
    PMID: 25427926 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202370
    Hypercementosis is excessive deposition of non-neoplastic cementum over normal root cementum, which alters root morphology. This cementum may be either hypocellular or cellular in nature. The aetiopathogenesis of hypercementosis is ambiguous. Although most of the cases are idiopathic, several local and systemic factors are also linked to this condition, such as Paget's disease, acromegaly, vitamin A deficiency, etc. We report two rare cases of hypercementosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, not previously described in the literature, and also discuss the possible aetiopathogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  19. Methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of its efficacy
    Sakthiswary R, Suresh E
    Lupus, 2014 Mar;23(3):225-35.
    PMID: 24399812 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313519159
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence for efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
    METHODS: A comprehensive, computerized search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials registry to screen for studies that examined the efficacy of MTX in adult SLE patients. The Jadad scoring system was used to assess study quality, and data were pooled using the random effects model.
    RESULTS: Of the 53 articles that were identified, 44 were excluded. Nine studies (including three randomized controlled and six observational) were eligible for inclusion. All of the included studies predominantly involved patients with arthritis or mucocutaneous features. There was significant reduction of the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) among MTX-treated patients when compared with controls (p = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 0.444, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.279 to 0.707). There was also significant reduction in the average dose of corticosteroids among MTX-treated patients when compared with controls (p = 0.001, OR 0.335, 95% CI 0.202 to 0.558). The effect of MTX on laboratory and serological markers, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anti-dsDNA and complement levels (C3 and C4), could not be determined because of the limited numbers of controlled trials.
    CONCLUSION: The use of MTX is associated with significant reductions in SLEDAI and the average dose of corticosteroids in adult patients with SLE.
    KEYWORDS: SLE; Systemic lupus erythematosus; efficacy; lupus; methotrexate
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy*
  20. Pulmonary manifestation as initial presentation for systemic lupus erythematosus
    Khor CG, Kan SL, Tan BE
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2018 Jun;21(6):1322-1325.
    PMID: 24495523 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12302
    We report a 29-year-old Malay man who had pulmonary manifestations as an initial presentation for systemic lupus erythematosus. He had prolonged hospitalization and was treated with intensive care therapy with immunosuppressants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
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