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  1. Fulltext Malathion extraction from larvae of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for determining death due to malathion
    Mahat NA, Jayaprakash PT, Zafarina Z
    Trop Biomed, 2012 Mar;29(1):9-17.
    PMID: 22543598 MyJurnal
    The use of Chrysomya megacephala larvae for detecting malathion for diagnosing the cause of death was investigated. This could prove useful when the visceral organs have become liquefied during decomposition and therefore cannot be sampled. A field experiment was conducted in which C. megacephala were allowed to colonise naturally the corpses of rabbits that had died of malathion poisoning. The concentration of malathion increased gradually during the larval stages of C. megacephala reaching the maximum concentration in the third instar larvae. The concentration of malathion declined during prepupal stage and reached its lowest level among tenerals. The average malathion concentrations in C. megacephala growing in poisoned rabbit corpses left in a sunlit habitat were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those growing on poisoned rabbits left in a shaded habitat. The concentrations of malathion in the different stages of development of C. megacephala were moderately correlated (r = 0.51-0.69) with the administered doses as well as with those estimated in visceral organs. Thus, it would not be reliable to suggest the formulation of mathematical algorithms for relating the concentration of malathion found in the different stages of development of C. megacephala with those found in the visceral organs. However, in the context of forensic investigation, the qualitative detection of malathion in C. megacephala may prove useful in diagnosing the cause of death, since malathion is a common cause of accidental and suicidal deaths.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/analysis*
  2. Fulltext Monitoring resistance gene frequencies in Malaysian Culex quinquefasciatus Say adults using rapid non-specific esterase enzyme microassays
    Lee HL, Tadano T
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Jun;25(2):371-3.
    PMID: 7855659
    The ability to identify the occurrence of different resistance genotypes in field populations of mosquito is considered important for the purpose of optimising chemical control operations. The recent development of rapid microassays of enzymes responsible for resistance has provided a means for rapidly assessing the genetic background of target mosquito populations. This concept is the topic of investigation in this study. Non-specific esterase activity, which is responsible for the resistance to organophosphates in Malaysian Culex quinquefasciatus Say adults, was determined in 3 field populations from Kuala Lumpur City using rapid enzyme assay. The optical density results were used to estimate the genotypic frequencies of the populations. Subsequently, time-dependent changes in the various frequencies were determined. Such techniques allowed rapid assessment of resistance genotypes for decision-making and its possible use in insect control merits further investigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/antagonists & inhibitors*
  3. Toxicological studies of four insecticides against Musca domestica L
    Yoke OP, Sudderuddin KI
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Dec;6(4):525-31.
    PMID: 818717
    Toxicological studies of four insecticides (malathion, carbaryl, bioresmethrin, and GH 74) against Musca domestica vicinia (Ampang strain) were undertaken with particular reference to age, sex and posttreatment temperature. It was found that bioresmethrin and GH 74, both with a negative temperature coefficient, have great potential for use against houseflies. In vitro inhibitory studies of head and body esterases showed that unlike malathion and carbaryl, bioresmethrin had only negligible effect on these enzymes. The possibilities of using bioresmethrin and GH 74 for controlling the housefly problem in the Cameron Highlands, West Malaysia are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacology
  4. Fulltext Organochlorines and organophosphates susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse larvae from agricultural and non-agricultural localities in Peninsular Malaysia
    Wan-Norafikah O, Chen CD, Sofian-Azirun M
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Jan;28(1):1010-1016.
    PMID: 33424394 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.040
    Aedes albopictus larvae obtained from different types of agricultural and non-agricultural localities in Peninsular Malaysia were subjected to several larvicides at World Health Organization (WHO) recommended dosages. Upon 24 h of WHO larval bioassay using two organochlorines and six organophosphates, high resistance against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), temephos, chlorpyrifos and bromophos were demonstrated among all larval populations. Aedes albopictus larvae from both paddy growing areas (92.33% mortality) and rubber estates (97.00% mortality) were moderately resistant to dieldrin while only Ae. albopictus larvae from dengue prone residential areas (89.00% mortality) showed high resistance against dieldrin. All Ae. albopictus larval populations also developed either incipient or high resistance to both malathion (33.67%-95.33% mortality) and fenitrothion (73.00%-92.67% mortality). Only Ae. albopictus larvae from fogging-free residential areas that were tolerant to fenthion (97.33% mortality), whereas Ae. albopictus larvae from dengue prone residential areas were highly resistant to the same organophosphate (88.33% mortality). Cross resistance between intraclass and interclass larvicides of organochlorines and organophosphates were also exhibited in this study. The present study provided baseline data on various susceptibility levels of Ae. albopictus larval populations from different types of agricultural and non-agricultural localities against organochlorines and organophosphates at WHO recommended dosages. Nevertheless, further susceptibility investigations are suggested using revised doses of larvicides established from the local reference strain of Ae. albopictus to prevent the underestimation or overestimation of insecticide resistance level among Ae. albopictus field strains of larvae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion
  5. First molecular genotyping of insensitive acetylcholinesterase associated with malathion resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say populations in Malaysia
    Low VL, Chen CD, Lim PE, Lee HL, Lim YA, Tan TK, et al.
    Pest Manag Sci, 2013 Dec;69(12):1362-8.
    PMID: 23404830 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3512
    Given that there is limited available information on the insensitive acetylcholinesterase in insect species in Malaysia, the present study aims to detect the presence of G119S mutation in the acetylcholinesterase gene of Culex quinquefasciatus from 14 residential areas across 13 states and a federal territory in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacology*
  6. Fulltext Insecticide resistance development in Aedes aegypti upon selection pressure with malathion
    Hidayati H, Nazni WA, Lee HL, Sofian-Azirun M
    Trop Biomed, 2011 Aug;28(2):425-37.
    PMID: 22041765
    Bioassay test against malathion had been carried out with larval and adult stages of Aedes aegypti. The mosquitoes were under selection pressure against malathion for forty-five consecutive generations. The rate of resistance development was measured by LC(50) and LT(50) values. The larvae and adult females, after subjection to malathion selection for 45 generations, developed high resistance level to malathion, with resistance ratio of 52.7 and 3.24 folds, respectively over control mosquitoes. Cross-resistance towards the same and different groups of insecticides was determined using the F44 and F45 malathion-selected adult females. Insecticides tested were DDT (4.0%), permethrin (0.75%), propoxur (0.1%), fenitrothion (1%), λ-cyhalothrin (0.05%) and cyfluthrin (0.15%). Results indicated that the mosquitoes were highly resistant to DDT and fenitrothion, moderately resistant to propoxur, tolerant to permethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, and very low resistant to cyfluthrin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacology*
  7. Fulltext Determination of insecticide susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say adults by rapid enzyme microassays
    Lee HL, Abimbola O, Singh KI
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Sep;23(3):458-63.
    PMID: 1488701
    Rapid enzyme microassays for the detection of resistance due to organophosphate and carbamate in individual field-collected strains of Culex quinquefasciatus adults were conducted. These tests allowed accurate differentiation by eye, on the basis of color changes of susceptible and resistant individuals. Two separate tests were conducted for the biochemical assays. In the insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) test, acetylthiocholine iodide (ACTH) and 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were used as substrate and coupling agent respectively. The resulting yellow chromophore indicated AChE activity. Test results showed that the color intensity decreased as increasing concentrations of propoxur were added, thereby confirming the susceptibility of the enzyme to inhibitor. Assay of non-specific esterase however, indicated elevated levels which were correlated with degree of malathion resistance. Electrophoretic data revealed the presence of 2 esterase bands in all strains. It was concluded that such a pattern was not contributory to malathion resistance in adults.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion*
  8. Pediculosis among rural school children in Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia and their susceptibility to malathion, carbaryl, perigen and kerosene
    Sinniah B, Shekhar C, Ramphal L, Senan P
    J R Soc Health, 1984 Jun;104(3):114-5, 118.
    PMID: 6431096
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/therapeutic use
  9. Laboratory evaluation of five pesticides for control of Leptotrombidium fletcheri (Acari: Trombiculidae)
    Ho TM, Fauziah MK, Saleh I
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Mar;23(1):125-7.
    PMID: 1523464
    Five pesticides were evaluated against laboratory colonies of Leptotrombidium fletcheri (Womersly and Heaslip) by the Pasteur pipet technique. The pesticides were dieldrin (LC50 = 3.6 ppm, LC99 = 18.2 ppm), bromopropylate (LC50 = 9.2 ppm, LC99 = 239.6 ppm), dicofol (LC50 = 27.8 ppm, LC99 = 118.1 ppm), fenthion (LC50 = 15.4 ppm, LC99 = 29.7 ppm), and malathion (LC50 = 84.7 ppm, LC99 = 313.9 ppm). Dieldrin was the most toxic. Dicofol was recommended for further evaluation in field trials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion
  10. Fulltext Rate of resistance development in wild Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) selected by malathion and permethrin
    Nazni WA, Lee HL, Sa'diyah I
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1998 Dec;29(4):849-55.
    PMID: 10772575
    Wild caught female Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) from Kuala Lumpur were blood fed and reared in the insectarium. The late third stage of the F1 larvae which survived the high selection pressure of malathion and permethrin were reared and colonies were established from adults that emerged. Larvae from these colonies were then subjected in the subsequent 9 generations to higher selection pressure. The rate of resistance development were measured by LC50 value of larval bioassay, LT50 value of adult bioassay and the frequency of the elevated esterase levels. In another set of experiments using the same batch of Culex mosquitos, the larvae were not exposed to any insecticides and the decrease in resistance rate was monitored in each subsequent 9 generations by using similar methods. The heterozygous standard laboratory strain was selected for susceptibility using the single raft sib-selection method. The result showed that the field collected F1 generation was 96.0 and 6.3 fold more resistant to malathion and permethrin, respectively. After selection for about 9 generations the resistance ratio to malathion and permethrin was 6.2 and 767.3 fold more compared to the LC50 values of F1 generations, respectively. Esterase in F1 larvae was 6.0 fold more than the standard laboratory strain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacology*
  11. Fulltext Determination of malathion levels and the effect of malathion on the growth of Chrysomya megacephala (Fibricius) in malathion-exposed rat carcass
    Rumiza Abd R, Osman K, Mohd Iswadi I, Raja Muhammad Z, Rogaya Abu H
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Dec;25(3):184-90.
    PMID: 19287355
    This study was conducted to examine the effect of malathion on the development of Chrysomya megacephala. A total of 12 adult Sprague-Dawley rats was divided into 4 groups. Each animal in the 4 groups was given orally 0 (control), 10, 25 and 50ml/kg body weight of malathion, respectively. Chrysomya megacephala larvae were then allowed to grow on the liver of carcass. Larvae development was estimated by means of weight and length, time of adult emergence and survival rate. Results indicated that for the first 6 to 30 hours, larvae from control group developed more rapidly than larvae feeding on tissue containing malathion. However, the 3 doses of malathion did not exhibit significant impact on larvae length and weight. The time required for adult emergence was significantly greater for malathion-treated colony which was 10 days compared to 7 days in control colony. Control larvae of C. megacephala had higher survival rate compared to larvae exposed to the three different doses of malathion. Analysis of the tissues indicated that all rats and fly samples were positive for malathion. Malathion concentration was highest in liver. It was concluded that the presence of malathion altered the development rate of C. megacephala and thus disrupted normal postmortem interval estimation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacokinetics*; Malathion/pharmacology
  12. Fulltext Resistance to dieldrin and DDT and sensitivity to malathion in the bed-bug Cimex hemipterus in Malaya
    Reid JA
    Bull World Health Organ, 1960;22:586-7.
    PMID: 14437086
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion*
  13. Epidemiology and control of human head louse in Malaysia
    Sinniah B, Sinniah D, Rajeswari B
    Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Dec;35(4):337-42.
    PMID: 6670116
    A survey of 4.112 primary school children living in and around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, revealed that 12.9% of the children were infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Indians (28.3%) and Malays (18.9%) have a higher prevalence than Chinese (4.6%). The higher prevalence among Indians and Malays correlates well with their lower socio-economic status in the community; long hair also contributes to the higher rates of pediculosis among them. The prevalence rate was found to be related to socio-economic status, length of hair, family size, age, crowding and personal hygiene. Treatment with 0.2% and 0.5% malathion in coconut oil gave cure rates of 93% and 100%. Treatment with gammexane and actellic at 0.5% concentration gave a cure rate of 100% against adults and nymphs of Pediculus humanus capitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/therapeutic use
  14. Field evaluation of cyfluthrin and malathion 96 TG ULV spraying at high-rise flats on dengue vectors in Malaysia
    Sulaiman S, Pawanchee ZA, Othman HF, Jamal J, Wahab A, Sohadi AR, et al.
    J Vector Ecol, 1998 Jun;23(1):69-73.
    PMID: 9673932
    Cyfluthrin (Solfac ULO15) and malathion 96 TG were evaluated against sentinel sugar-fed adults and 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti at high-rise flats in Malaysia by ULV spraying. The impact of both insecticides on field populations of Aedes spp. (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) larvae were monitored weekly using containers. Both cyfluthrin and malathion 96 TG showed adulticidal effects but cyfluthrin showed more significant larvicidal effect than malathion 96 TG (P < 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/administration & dosage*
  15. A field trial on the comparative effectiveness of malathion and Resigen by ULV application on Aedes aegypti
    Vythilingam I, Panart P
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Mar;22(1):102-7.
    PMID: 1948249
    Field trials were conducted in two residential areas of Petaling Jaya Municipality to test the adulticidal and larvicidal effects of malathion 96% TG and Resigen on Aedes aegypti. Malathion is the currently used insecticide in Malaysia for the control of dengue. The Leco HD ULV machine was used throught the trials. For malathion the flow rate was 90 ml/minute at a vehicle speed of 8kph and for Resigen the flow rate was 200 ml/minute at the same vechicle speed. Malathion was more effective giving higher mortality rates when compared with Resigen. The mortality rate of adult Ae. aegypti outdoor was higher than in the living room and kitchen. Both insecticides did not show promising larvicidal effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion*
  16. Fulltext Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Malaysian Blattella germanica (Linnaeus)
    Lee HL, Tien WD, Omar B
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):212-7.
    PMID: 9322308
    The insecticide resistance status of 4 strains of adult male Blattella germanica, viz M (Malacca), E (England), F (restaurant) and K (cafeteria) against malathion and bendiocarb compared with a reference susceptible strain (S) was determined by using a modified WHO bioassay method. The results indicated that all the 4 strains were resistant to the insecticides albeit in different degrees. Resistance ratios for malathion ranged from 1.85-41.07-fold, whereas that of bendiocarb ranged from 1.68-4.83-fold. The biochemical microplate enzyme assays technique employed indicated that the resistance in M and E strains were attributed to acetylcholinesterase insensitivity. Multiple resistance was not detected in any of the 4 strains. Parameters of the identified resistance mechanism correlated well with the observed level of resistance. Agar gel electrophoresis showed that variations in esterase isoenzymes did not confer organophosphate and carbamate resistance to the 4 strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion*
  17. Low frequency of knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and the efficacy of PBO synergist in multiple insecticide-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
    Kayode FI, Taiwo IE, Adeogun AO, Olalekan O, Chimdalu IP, Olayilola OI, et al.
    Afr Health Sci, 2023 Mar;23(1):255-261.
    PMID: 37545927 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.27
    OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae in two communities of Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and bendiocarb.

    METHODS: Anopheles immature stages were collected from their habitats in the surveyed community and allowed to emerge before exposure adult females to discriminating doses of WHO insecticides including DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, bendiocarb and malathion. PBO synergistic bioassay was conducted for insecticides where the mosquito samples showed resistance. PCR assay was used for the detection of kdr mutation in the mosquitoes.

    RESULTS: Resistance to DDT (40% and 86%) and lambda cyhalothrin (75% and 84%) in Oke-Ota and Majidun respectively. Suspected resistance to deltamethrin (94.9%) and bendiocarb (93.5%) was recorded in Oke-Ota community and the mosquitoes were susceptible to malathion in both communities. KDR mutation (L1014F) from resistance samples from both locations though with a low frequency that significantly departs from Hardy-Weinberg's probability (P> 0.01). PBO synergized bioassay was able to increase knockdown, percentage mortality and restore full susceptibility to deltamethrin and bendiocarb.

    CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicates that the metabolic resistance mechanism is highly implicated in the resistance to different classes of insecticide in Ikorodu and this should be taken into consideration when implementing vector control activities in this area.

    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion
  18. Effects of pesticide use on semen quality among farmers in rural areas of Sabah, Malaysia
    Hossain F, Ali O, D'Souza UJ, Naing DK
    J Occup Health, 2010;52(6):353-60.
    PMID: 20924153
    OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between semen quality and exposure to pesticide residues.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among male farmers from 3 different communities in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 152 farmers participated in this study of whom 62 farmers had been exposed to either paraquat or malathion or both to varying extents. Questionnaires were designed to record a history of pesticides exposure and other potential risk factors among farmers. All semen samples were collected, processed and analyzed by qualified personnel based on WHO guidelines. Volume, pH, sperm concentration, motility, morphology and WBC count were examined and recorded. The association between pesticide exposure and semen parameters was highly significant.

    RESULTS: The mean values of volume, pH, sperm concentration, motility, and WBC count were significantly less in the exposed group than in compared with the non-exposed group, with p<0.005. Those who were exposed to pesticides had greater risk of having abnormal semen parameters than those in with the non exposed group, with p values of less than 0.05. The comparison between semen qualities such as lower sperm count, motility and higher percentage of sperm abnormality of those exposed to different types of pesticides (paraquat and malathion) showed no significant differences.

    CONCLUSION: The results showed a significant decline in semen quality with a decline in sperm count, motility and higher percent of teratospermia among subjects with pesticide exposure, and those who were exposed to pesticides had significantly 3 to 9 times greater risk of having abnormal semen parameters.

    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/adverse effects*
  19. Fulltext Determination of homozygous susceptible strain in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), using single raft sib-selection method
    Hidayati H, Nazni WA, Mohd SA
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Apr;25(1):75-9.
    PMID: 18600207 MyJurnal
    The standard laboratory strain was found to be heterozygous for susceptibility. Hence, an attempt was made to obtain a homozygous susceptible strain in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) using single raft sib-selection method. Lab-bred females of Cx. quinquefasciatus from insectariums, Unit of Medical Entomology were used in the experiment. After blood feeding Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes laid eggs in raft form, ten rafts selected randomly for the test. Each egg raft was introduced into a plastic tray from number one to number ten. Twenty-five third stage larvae from each tray were exposed to 17.5 microl from 500mg/l malathion in a paper cup label number 1 to number ten. In the bioassay, which had 100% mortality, the respective larva in that particular tray was bred to adult stage for the following generation. Less than 7days old female mosquitoes that emerged from F(0) were used in the test. The F(0) and the subsequent adult and larval stage generations were subjected to adult and larval bioassay. After selection for about 10 generations, a homozygous susceptible strain in Cx. quinquefasciatus was obtained.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion/pharmacology
  20. Highly sensitive and selective determination of malathion in vegetable extracts by an electrochemical sensor based on Cu-metal organic framework
    Al'Abri AM, Abdul Halim SN, Abu Bakar NK, Saharin SM, Sherino B, Rashidi Nodeh H, et al.
    J Environ Sci Health B, 2019;54(12):930-941.
    PMID: 31407615 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1652072
    This article demonstrates the first application of a copper-based porous coordination polymer (BTCA-P-Cu-CP) as a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modifier for the detection of malathion. The electrochemical behavior of BTCA-P-Cu-CP/CPE was explored using cyclic voltammetry (CV) while chrono-amperometry methods were applied for the analytical evaluation of the sensor performance. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor exhibited high reproducibility, stability, and wide dynamic range (0.6-24 nM) with the limits of detection and sensitivity equal to 0.17 nM and 5.7 µAnMcm-1, respectively, based on inhibition signal measurement. Furthermore, the presence of common coexisting interfering species showed a minor change in signals (<4.4%). The developed sensor has been applied in the determination of malathion in spiked vegetable extracts. It exhibited promising results in term of fast and sensitive determination of malathion in real samples at trace level with recoveries of 91.0 to 104.4%. (RSDs < 5%, n = 3). A comparison of the two studied techniques showed that the HPLC technique is unable to detect malathion when the concentration is lower than 1.8 µM while 0.006 µM is detected with appropriate RSDs 0.2-5.2% (n = 3) by amperometric method. Due to the high sensitivity and selectivity, this new electrochemical sensor will be useful for monitoring trace malathion in real samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malathion
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