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Glutaraldehyde in dentistry--a review

Rusmah M

Singapore Dent J, 1993 Jun;18(1):17-21.
PMID: 9582689

The disinfective and fixative properties of glutaraldehyde are now widely investigated. Glutaraldehyde is effective against micro-organisms and their spores. Recently, studies have shown the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde against the HIV virus. 2% glutaraldehyde is now recommended for the sterilisation of surgical instruments, operating areas, dental impressions and root canals during endodontic therapy. Studies have also shown that glutaraldehyde is an effective fixative with minimum side effects, limited penetration and quick acting. Pulpotomy studies using glutaraldehyde as the fixative agent produce high success rates. The important feature is the vital pulpal tissue at the apical third suggesting its limited penetration. The small amounts that get distributed systemically are quickly metabolised and excreted in the urine or exhaled as carbon dioxide.

Matched MeSH terms: Dental Disinfectants/therapeutic use
Oxidizing Effect of Ozonated-Water on Microbial Balance in the Oral Ecosystem

Razak FA, Musa MY, Abusin HAM, Salleh NM

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2019 Apr;29(4):387-389.
PMID: 30925969 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.04.387

Application of ozone is recommended for sterilisation in dental procedures. This study explored the antimicrobial effect of 0.1 ppm ozonated-water on selected common oral commensals. Based on deviation of their growth curves pattern upon ozone treatment, the inhibitory effect of ozone was determined. SEM examination of the ozone-treated microbes recorded its possible morphological effect. Findings suggested a bacteriostatic action of ozone when microbes were treated at the early phase, while, it was bactericidal when treated during the active phase of the growth cycle. Hence, suggesting rinsing the oral cavity with ozonated-water at 0.1 ppm immediately after tooth brushing may suppress microbial growth and slow biofilm formation. While, rinsing on already developed biofilm may result in microbial cell lysis that halted microbial growth and reduce microbial population in the biofilm. Both justify the great potential of ozone (0.1 ppm) for use as antimicrobial agent for the control of biofilm development in the oral cavity.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use
Fulltext Can the use of 70% isopropyl alcohol swab or aspiration using 5 microm Filter Straw reduce bacterial contamination of fentanyl solution used for regional anaesthesia?

Roshaliza HM, Liu CY, Joanna OSM

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Jun;66(2):92-4.
PMID: 22106684

This prospective study aimed to determine the extent of contamination of fentanyl solutions used for central neuraxial injection by wiping the neck of the ampoules with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs (Kendall) before breaking open the ampoules and aspiration of fentanyl solutions using a 5 microm Filter Straw (B. Braun). In Group A, fifty fentanyl ampoules were wiped with 70% isopropyl alcohol swab prior to opening and the contents were aspirated immediately using a 21G needle and a 5 microm filter straw for culture. The same steps were repeated on the remaining solutions after two hours. In Group B, all the above steps were repeated but without wiping the ampoules with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs. None of the samples from the wiped ampoules or aspiration using filter straw grew microorganisms. Six percent of the samples from unwiped group grew microorganisms when fentanyl were aspirated using a 21G needle and the contamination increased to 16% when repeated after two hours. Wiping the outsides of the fentanyl ampoules with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs before opening or aspirating the contents using a 5 pm filter straw has been shown to be equally effective in avoiding bacterial contamination and should be practiced routinely when performing regional anaesthesia.
KEY WORDS: Fentanyl solution, Isopropyl alcohol swab, Filter straw, Contamination, Regional anaesthesia, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use*
Fulltext Formalin dab for radiation proctitis--an effective day care procedure

Ramesh G, Khamizar W

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):201-3.
PMID: 16114161

The use of high voltage radiotheraphy in pelvi malignancies has led to a common complication which is radiation . proctitis. Treatment with rectal formalin is simple and effective and can be done as a day care procedure. The use of formalin dab was assessed as a day care procedure in our surgical unit in which ten patients were prospectively evaluated. Outcome of these patients was encouraging.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use*
Fulltext Virucidal activity of Virkon S on human enterovirus

Chan YF, Abu Bakar S

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):246-8.
PMID: 16114171

The efficacy of Virkon S, a commercial disinfectant as a virucidal spray against human enterovirus 71 (HEV71), the causative agent of the fatal form of hand, foot and mouth disease was examined. At least one log10 reduction of HEV71 titer was achieved when one spray of Virkon (1% or 2%) with ten minutes of contact time was applied. The infectivity was completely lost when four sprays of 1% or 2% Virkon were applied, suggesting that at least four sprays of 1% Virkon to the surface bound HEV71 was necessary to completely inactivate the virus. These findings suggest that Virkon S at the proper concentration is suitable to be used as an effective and easy to use disinfectant against HEV71.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use*
Adjunctive use of superoxidized solution in chest wall necrotizing soft tissue infection

Tata MD, Kwan KC, Abdul-Razak MR, Paramalingam S, Yeen WC

Ann Thorac Surg, 2009 May;87(5):1613-4.
PMID: 19379926 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.10.019

A 39-year-old Indian man presented with necrotizing soft tissue infection of his right forearm and previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The infection progressively worsened to involve his right lateral chest wall despite multiple debridements and systemic antibiotics. His right arm was eventually disarticulated along with wide debridement of the surrounding tissue. Aggressive wound debridement, mechanical scrubbing, and irrigation were then initiated every 8 hours. A superoxidized solution was later introduced as a wound irrigant and dressing agent. The large defect was suitable for split-thickness skin grafting after 16 days of a strict wound management routine with the superoxidized solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use
Fulltext A Randomized Controlled Trial of Novel Treatment for Hemorrhagic Radiation Proctitis

Pui WC, Chieng TH, Siow SL, Nik Abdullah NA, Sagap I

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Oct 01;21(10):2927-2934.
PMID: 33112550 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.2927

BACKGROUND: Various methods have been used for treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis (HRP) with variable results. Currently, the preferred treatment is formalin application or endoscopic therapy with argon plasma coagulation. Recently, a novel therapy with colonic water irrigation and oral antibiotics showed promising results and more effective compared to 4% formalin application for HRP. The study objective is to compare the effect of water irrigation and oral antibiotics versus 4% formalin application in improving per rectal bleeding due to HRP and related symptoms such as diarrhoea, tenesmus, stool frequency, stool urgency and endoscopic findings.
METHODS: We conducted a study on 34 patients with HRP and randomly assigned the patients to two treatment arm groups (n=17). The formalin group underwent 4% formalin dab and another session 4 weeks later. The irrigation group self-administered daily rectal irrigation at home for 8 weeks and consumed oral metronidazole and ciprofloxacin during the first one week. We measured the patients' symptoms and endoscopic findings before and after total of 8 weeks of treatment in both groups.
RESULTS: Our study showed that HRP patients had reduced per rectal bleeding (p = 0.003) in formalin group, whereas irrigation group showed reduced diarrhoea (p=0.018) and tenesmus (p=0.024) symptoms. The comparison between the two treatment arms showed that irrigation technique was better than formalin technique for tenesmus (p=0.043) symptom only.
CONCLUSION: This novel treatment showed benefit in treating HRP. It could be a new treatment option which is safe and conveniently self-administered at home or used as a combination with other therapies to improve the treatment outcome for HRP.
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Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use
Efficacy and safety of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in Malaysia

Wong SM, Ng TG, Baba R

J Dermatol, 2013 Nov;40(11):874-80.
PMID: 24111816 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12265

Staphylococcus aureus is frequently found in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and contributes to disease exacerbation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bleach baths as an adjunctive treatment in AD patients. Patients between 2 and 30 years old with moderate to severe AD were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients soaked in diluted bleach or distilled water baths for 10 min, twice a week for 2 months. Efficacy assessments included the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores and S. aureus density was determined using quantitative bacterial cultures. Patients in the treatment group showed significant reductions in EASI scores. A 41.9% reduction in S. aureus density from baseline was seen at 1 month further reducing to 53.3% at 2 months. Equal numbers of patients in both groups experienced mild side-effects. This study demonstrates that diluted bleach baths clinically improved AD in as little as 1 month. No patient withdrew from the treatment arm because of intolerance to the baths.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use*