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Semi-quantitative and qualitative assessment of breast ultrasound elastography in differentiating between malignant and benign lesions

Alhabshi SM, Rahmat K, Abdul Halim N, Aziz S, Radhika S, Gan GC, et al.

Ultrasound Med Biol, 2013 Apr;39(4):568-78.
PMID: 23384468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.10.016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of ultrasound elastography in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions. This prospective study was conducted in two tertiary medical centers. Consecutive B-mode ultrasound and real-time elastographic images were obtained for 67 malignant and 101 benign breast lesions in 168 women. Four experienced radiologists analyzed B-mode ultrasound alone and B-mode ultrasound combined with elastography independently. Conventional ultrasound findings were classified according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System classification. The elastographic assessment was based on qualitative and semi-quantitative parameters (i.e., strain pattern, width ratio, strain ratio). The sensitivity and specificity of combined elastography and conventional ultrasound were significantly higher than that of conventional ultrasound alone. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 97%, 61.4%, 62.5% and 96.8%, respectively, for conventional ultrasound and 100%, 93%, 99% and 90%, respectively, for combined technique. The semi-quantitative assessment with strain ratio and width ratio in elastography were the most useful parameters in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions. Cut-off point values for width ratio of more than 1.1 and strain ratio of more than 5.6 showed a high predictive value of malignancy with specificities of 84% and 76%, respectively (p

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Application of pattern recognition tools for classifying acute coronary syndrome: an integrated medical modeling

Salari N, Shohaimi S, Najafi F, Nallappan M, Karishnarajah I

Theor Biol Med Model, 2013 Sep 18;10:57.
PMID: 24044669 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-57

OBJECTIVE: The classification of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), using artificial intelligence (AI), has recently drawn the attention of the medical researchers. Using this approach, patients with myocardial infarction can be differentiated from those with unstable angina. The present study aims to develop an integrated model, based on the feature selection and classification, for the automatic classification of ACS.
METHODS: A dataset containing medical records of 809 patients suspected to suffer from ACS was used. For each subject, 266 clinical factors were collected. At first, a feature selection was performed based on interviews with 20 cardiologists; thereby 40 seminal features for classifying ACS were selected. Next, a feature selection algorithm was also applied to detect a subset of the features with the best classification accuracy. As a result, the feature numbers considerably reduced to only seven. Lastly, based on the seven selected features, eight various common pattern recognition tools for classification of ACS were used.
RESULTS: The performance of the aforementioned classifiers was compared based on their accuracy computed from their confusion matrices. Among these methods, the multi-layer perceptron showed the best performance with the 83.2% accuracy.
CONCLUSION: The results reveal that an integrated AI-based feature selection and classification approach is an effective method for the early and accurate classification of ACS and ultimately a timely diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Improving RLRN image splicing detection with the Use of PCA and kernel PCA

Moghaddasi Z, Jalab HA, Md Noor R, Aghabozorgi S

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:606570.
PMID: 25295304 DOI: 10.1155/2014/606570

Digital image forgery is becoming easier to perform because of the rapid development of various manipulation tools. Image splicing is one of the most prevalent techniques. Digital images had lost their trustability, and researches have exerted considerable effort to regain such trustability by focusing mostly on algorithms. However, most of the proposed algorithms are incapable of handling high dimensionality and redundancy in the extracted features. Moreover, existing algorithms are limited by high computational time. This study focuses on improving one of the image splicing detection algorithms, that is, the run length run number algorithm (RLRN), by applying two dimension reduction methods, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel PCA. Support vector machine is used to distinguish between authentic and spliced images. Results show that kernel PCA is a nonlinear dimension reduction method that has the best effect on R, G, B, and Y channels and gray-scale images.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Development of vision based multiview gait recognition system with MMUGait database

Ng H, Tan WH, Abdullah J, Tong HL

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:376569.
PMID: 25143972 DOI: 10.1155/2014/376569

This paper describes the acquisition setup and development of a new gait database, MMUGait. This database consists of 82 subjects walking under normal condition and 19 subjects walking with 11 covariate factors, which were captured under two views. This paper also proposes a multiview model-based gait recognition system with joint detection approach that performs well under different walking trajectories and covariate factors, which include self-occluded or external occluded silhouettes. In the proposed system, the process begins by enhancing the human silhouette to remove the artifacts. Next, the width and height of the body are obtained. Subsequently, the joint angular trajectories are determined once the body joints are automatically detected. Lastly, crotch height and step-size of the walking subject are determined. The extracted features are smoothened by Gaussian filter to eliminate the effect of outliers. The extracted features are normalized with linear scaling, which is followed by feature selection prior to the classification process. The classification experiments carried out on MMUGait database were benchmarked against the SOTON Small DB from University of Southampton. Results showed correct classification rate above 90% for all the databases. The proposed approach is found to outperform other approaches on SOTON Small DB in most cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Intelligent bar chart plagiarism detection in documents

Al-Dabbagh MM, Salim N, Rehman A, Alkawaz MH, Saba T, Al-Rodhaan M, et al.

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:612787.
PMID: 25309952 DOI: 10.1155/2014/612787

This paper presents a novel features mining approach from documents that could not be mined via optical character recognition (OCR). By identifying the intimate relationship between the text and graphical components, the proposed technique pulls out the Start, End, and Exact values for each bar. Furthermore, the word 2-gram and Euclidean distance methods are used to accurately detect and determine plagiarism in bar charts.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Stochastic optimized relevance feedback particle swarm optimization for content based image retrieval

Imran M, Hashim R, Noor Elaiza AK, Irtaza A

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:752090.
PMID: 25121136 DOI: 10.1155/2014/752090

One of the major challenges for the CBIR is to bridge the gap between low level features and high level semantics according to the need of the user. To overcome this gap, relevance feedback (RF) coupled with support vector machine (SVM) has been applied successfully. However, when the feedback sample is small, the performance of the SVM based RF is often poor. To improve the performance of RF, this paper has proposed a new technique, namely, PSO-SVM-RF, which combines SVM based RF with particle swarm optimization (PSO). The aims of this proposed technique are to enhance the performance of SVM based RF and also to minimize the user interaction with the system by minimizing the RF number. The PSO-SVM-RF was tested on the coral photo gallery containing 10908 images. The results obtained from the experiments showed that the proposed PSO-SVM-RF achieved 100% accuracy in 8 feedback iterations for top 10 retrievals and 80% accuracy in 6 iterations for 100 top retrievals. This implies that with PSO-SVM-RF technique high accuracy rate is achieved at a small number of iterations.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Adaptive cuckoo search algorithm for unconstrained optimization

Ong P

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:943403.
PMID: 25298971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/943403

Modification of the intensification and diversification approaches in the recently developed cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is performed. The alteration involves the implementation of adaptive step size adjustment strategy, and thus enabling faster convergence to the global optimal solutions. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is validated against benchmark optimization functions, where the obtained results demonstrate a marked improvement over the standard CSA, in all the cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Creation of reliable relevance judgments in information retrieval systems evaluation experimentation through crowdsourcing: a review

Samimi P, Ravana SD

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:135641.
PMID: 24977172 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135641

Test collection is used to evaluate the information retrieval systems in laboratory-based evaluation experimentation. In a classic setting, generating relevance judgments involves human assessors and is a costly and time consuming task. Researchers and practitioners are still being challenged in performing reliable and low-cost evaluation of retrieval systems. Crowdsourcing as a novel method of data acquisition is broadly used in many research fields. It has been proven that crowdsourcing is an inexpensive and quick solution as well as a reliable alternative for creating relevance judgments. One of the crowdsourcing applications in IR is to judge relevancy of query document pair. In order to have a successful crowdsourcing experiment, the relevance judgment tasks should be designed precisely to emphasize quality control. This paper is intended to explore different factors that have an influence on the accuracy of relevance judgments accomplished by workers and how to intensify the reliability of judgments in crowdsourcing experiment.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Completed local ternary pattern for rotation invariant texture classification

Rassem TH, Khoo BE

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:373254.
PMID: 24977193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/373254

Despite the fact that the two texture descriptors, the completed modeling of Local Binary Pattern (CLBP) and the Completed Local Binary Count (CLBC), have achieved a remarkable accuracy for invariant rotation texture classification, they inherit some Local Binary Pattern (LBP) drawbacks. The LBP is sensitive to noise, and different patterns of LBP may be classified into the same class that reduces its discriminating property. Although, the Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) is proposed to be more robust to noise than LBP, however, the latter's weakness may appear with the LTP as well as with LBP. In this paper, a novel completed modeling of the Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) operator is proposed to overcome both LBP drawbacks, and an associated completed Local Ternary Pattern (CLTP) scheme is developed for rotation invariant texture classification. The experimental results using four different texture databases show that the proposed CLTP achieved an impressive classification accuracy as compared to the CLBP and CLBC descriptors.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Naive Bayes-guided bat algorithm for feature selection

Taha AM, Mustapha A, Chen SD

ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:325973.
PMID: 24396295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/325973

When the amount of data and information is said to double in every 20 months or so, feature selection has become highly important and beneficial. Further improvements in feature selection will positively affect a wide array of applications in fields such as pattern recognition, machine learning, or signal processing. Bio-inspired method called Bat Algorithm hybridized with a Naive Bayes classifier has been presented in this work. The performance of the proposed feature selection algorithm was investigated using twelve benchmark datasets from different domains and was compared to three other well-known feature selection algorithms. Discussion focused on four perspectives: number of features, classification accuracy, stability, and feature generalization. The results showed that BANB significantly outperformed other algorithms in selecting lower number of features, hence removing irrelevant, redundant, or noisy features while maintaining the classification accuracy. BANB is also proven to be more stable than other methods and is capable of producing more general feature subsets.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Novel techniques for enhancement and segmentation of acne vulgaris lesions

Malik AS, Humayun J, Kamel N, Yap FB

Skin Res Technol, 2014 Aug;20(3):322-31.
PMID: 24329769 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12122

BACKGROUND: More than 99% acne patients suffer from acne vulgaris. While diagnosing the severity of acne vulgaris lesions, dermatologists have observed inter-rater and intra-rater variability in diagnosis results. This is because during assessment, identifying lesion types and their counting is a tedious job for dermatologists. To make the assessment job objective and easier for dermatologists, an automated system based on image processing methods is proposed in this study.
OBJECTIVES: There are two main objectives: (i) to develop an algorithm for the enhancement of various acne vulgaris lesions; and (ii) to develop a method for the segmentation of enhanced acne vulgaris lesions.
METHODS: For the first objective, an algorithm is developed based on the theory of high dynamic range (HDR) images. The proposed algorithm uses local rank transform to generate the HDR images from a single acne image followed by the log transformation. Then, segmentation is performed by clustering the pixels based on Mahalanobis distance of each pixel from spectral models of acne vulgaris lesions.
RESULTS: Two metrics are used to evaluate the enhancement of acne vulgaris lesions, i.e., contrast improvement factor (CIF) and image contrast normalization (ICN). The proposed algorithm is compared with two other methods. The proposed enhancement algorithm shows better result than both the other methods based on CIF and ICN. In addition, sensitivity and specificity are calculated for the segmentation results. The proposed segmentation method shows higher sensitivity and specificity than other methods.
CONCLUSION: This article specifically discusses the contrast enhancement and segmentation for automated diagnosis system of acne vulgaris lesions. The results are promising that can be used for further classification of acne vulgaris lesions for final grading of the lesions.
KEYWORDS: acne grading; acne lesions; acne vulgaris; enhancement; segmentation

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Mechanomyographic parameter extraction methods: an appraisal for clinical applications

Ibitoye MO, Hamzaid NA, Zuniga JM, Hasnan N, Wahab AK

Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(12):22940-70.
PMID: 25479326 DOI: 10.3390/s141222940

The research conducted in the last three decades has collectively demonstrated that the skeletal muscle performance can be alternatively assessed by mechanomyographic signal (MMG) parameters. Indices of muscle performance, not limited to force, power, work, endurance and the related physiological processes underlying muscle activities during contraction have been evaluated in the light of the signal features. As a non-stationary signal that reflects several distinctive patterns of muscle actions, the illustrations obtained from the literature support the reliability of MMG in the analysis of muscles under voluntary and stimulus evoked contractions. An appraisal of the standard practice including the measurement theories of the methods used to extract parameters of the signal is vital to the application of the signal during experimental and clinical practices, especially in areas where electromyograms are contraindicated or have limited application. As we highlight the underpinning technical guidelines and domains where each method is well-suited, the limitations of the methods are also presented to position the state of the art in MMG parameters extraction, thus providing the theoretical framework for improvement on the current practices to widen the opportunity for new insights and discoveries. Since the signal modality has not been widely deployed due partly to the limited information extractable from the signals when compared with other classical techniques used to assess muscle performance, this survey is particularly relevant to the projected future of MMG applications in the realm of musculoskeletal assessments and in the real time detection of muscle activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext An oil fraction neural sensor developed using electrical capacitance tomography sensor data

Zainal-Mokhtar K, Mohamad-Saleh J

Sensors (Basel), 2013;13(9):11385-406.
PMID: 24064598 DOI: 10.3390/s130911385

This paper presents novel research on the development of a generic intelligent oil fraction sensor based on Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) data. An artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been employed as the intelligent system to sense and estimate oil fractions from the cross-sections of two-component flows comprising oil and gas in a pipeline. Previous works only focused on estimating the oil fraction in the pipeline based on fixed ECT sensor parameters. With fixed ECT design sensors, an oil fraction neural sensor can be trained to deal with ECT data based on the particular sensor parameters, hence the neural sensor is not generic. This work focuses on development of a generic neural oil fraction sensor based on training a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) ANN with various ECT sensor parameters. On average, the proposed oil fraction neural sensor has shown to be able to give a mean absolute error of 3.05% for various ECT sensor sizes.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques

Chowdhury RH, Reaz MB, Ali MA, Bakar AA, Chellappan K, Chang TG

Sensors (Basel), 2013;13(9):12431-66.
PMID: 24048337 DOI: 10.3390/s130912431

Electromyography (EMG) signals are becoming increasingly important in many applications, including clinical/biomedical, prosthesis or rehabilitation devices, human machine interactions, and more. However, noisy EMG signals are the major hurdles to be overcome in order to achieve improved performance in the above applications. Detection, processing and classification analysis in electromyography (EMG) is very desirable because it allows a more standardized and precise evaluation of the neurophysiological, rehabitational and assistive technological findings. This paper reviews two prominent areas; first: the pre-processing method for eliminating possible artifacts via appropriate preparation at the time of recording EMG signals, and second: a brief explanation of the different methods for processing and classifying EMG signals. This study then compares the numerous methods of analyzing EMG signals, in terms of their performance. The crux of this paper is to review the most recent developments and research studies related to the issues mentioned above.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Advancements of data anomaly detection research in wireless sensor networks: a survey and open issues

Rassam MA, Zainal A, Maarof MA

Sensors (Basel), 2013;13(8):10087-122.
PMID: 23966182 DOI: 10.3390/s130810087

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are important and necessary platforms for the future as the concept "Internet of Things" has emerged lately. They are used for monitoring, tracking, or controlling of many applications in industry, health care, habitat, and military. However, the quality of data collected by sensor nodes is affected by anomalies that occur due to various reasons, such as node failures, reading errors, unusual events, and malicious attacks. Therefore, anomaly detection is a necessary process to ensure the quality of sensor data before it is utilized for making decisions. In this review, we present the challenges of anomaly detection in WSNs and state the requirements to design efficient and effective anomaly detection models. We then review the latest advancements of data anomaly detection research in WSNs and classify current detection approaches in five main classes based on the detection methods used to design these approaches. Varieties of the state-of-the-art models for each class are covered and their limitations are highlighted to provide ideas for potential future works. Furthermore, the reviewed approaches are compared and evaluated based on how well they meet the stated requirements. Finally, the general limitations of current approaches are mentioned and further research opportunities are suggested and discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Intelligent color vision system for ripeness classification of oil palm fresh fruit bunch

Fadilah N, Mohamad-Saleh J, Abdul Halim Z, Ibrahim H, Syed Ali SS

Sensors (Basel), 2012;12(10):14179-95.
PMID: 23202043 DOI: 10.3390/s121014179

Ripeness classification of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) during harvesting is important to ensure that they are harvested during optimum stage for maximum oil production. This paper presents the application of color vision for automated ripeness classification of oil palm FFB. Images of oil palm FFBs of type DxP Yangambi were collected and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Then the color features were extracted from those images and used as the inputs for Artificial Neural Network (ANN) learning. The performance of the ANN for ripeness classification of oil palm FFB was investigated using two methods: training ANN with full features and training ANN with reduced features based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data reduction technique. Results showed that compared with using full features in ANN, using the ANN trained with reduced features can improve the classification accuracy by 1.66% and is more effective in developing an automated ripeness classifier for oil palm FFB. The developed ripeness classifier can act as a sensor in determining the correct oil palm FFB ripeness category.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext A Review on Systems-Based Sensory Gloves for Sign Language Recognition State of the Art between 2007 and 2017

Ahmed MA, Zaidan BB, Zaidan AA, Salih MM, Lakulu MMB

Sensors (Basel), 2018 Jul 09;18(7).
PMID: 29987266 DOI: 10.3390/s18072208

Loss of the ability to speak or hear exerts psychological and social impacts on the affected persons due to the lack of proper communication. Multiple and systematic scholarly interventions that vary according to context have been implemented to overcome disability-related difficulties. Sign language recognition (SLR) systems based on sensory gloves are significant innovations that aim to procure data on the shape or movement of the human hand. Innovative technology for this matter is mainly restricted and dispersed. The available trends and gaps should be explored in this research approach to provide valuable insights into technological environments. Thus, a review is conducted to create a coherent taxonomy to describe the latest research divided into four main categories: development, framework, other hand gesture recognition, and reviews and surveys. Then, we conduct analyses of the glove systems for SLR device characteristics, develop a roadmap for technology evolution, discuss its limitations, and provide valuable insights into technological environments. This will help researchers to understand the current options and gaps in this area, thus contributing to this line of research.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Sudden event recognition: a survey

Suriani NS, Hussain A, Zulkifley MA

Sensors (Basel), 2013 Aug 05;13(8):9966-98.
PMID: 23921828 DOI: 10.3390/s130809966

Event recognition is one of the most active research areas in video surveillance fields. Advancement in event recognition systems mainly aims to provide convenience, safety and an efficient lifestyle for humanity. A precise, accurate and robust approach is necessary to enable event recognition systems to respond to sudden changes in various uncontrolled environments, such as the case of an emergency, physical threat and a fire or bomb alert. The performance of sudden event recognition systems depends heavily on the accuracy of low level processing, like detection, recognition, tracking and machine learning algorithms. This survey aims to detect and characterize a sudden event, which is a subset of an abnormal event in several video surveillance applications. This paper discusses the following in detail: (1) the importance of a sudden event over a general anomalous event; (2) frameworks used in sudden event recognition; (3) the requirements and comparative studies of a sudden event recognition system and (4) various decision-making approaches for sudden event recognition. The advantages and drawbacks of using 3D images from multiple cameras for real-time application are also discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research directions in sudden event recognition.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext A Review of Classification Techniques of EMG Signals during Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

Nazmi N, Abdul Rahman MA, Yamamoto S, Ahmad SA, Zamzuri H, Mazlan SA

Sensors (Basel), 2016 Aug 17;16(8).
PMID: 27548165 DOI: 10.3390/s16081304

In recent years, there has been major interest in the exposure to physical therapy during rehabilitation. Several publications have demonstrated its usefulness in clinical/medical and human machine interface (HMI) applications. An automated system will guide the user to perform the training during rehabilitation independently. Advances in engineering have extended electromyography (EMG) beyond the traditional diagnostic applications to also include applications in diverse areas such as movement analysis. This paper gives an overview of the numerous methods available to recognize motion patterns of EMG signals for both isotonic and isometric contractions. Various signal analysis methods are compared by illustrating their applicability in real-time settings. This paper will be of interest to researchers who would like to select the most appropriate methodology in classifying motion patterns, especially during different types of contractions. For feature extraction, the probability density function (PDF) of EMG signals will be the main interest of this study. Following that, a brief explanation of the different methods for pre-processing, feature extraction and classifying EMG signals will be compared in terms of their performance. The crux of this paper is to review the most recent developments and research studies related to the issues mentioned above.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*
Fulltext Design pattern mining using distributed learning automata and DNA sequence alignment

Esmaeilpour M, Naderifar V, Shukur Z

PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e106313.
PMID: 25243670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106313

Over the last decade, design patterns have been used extensively to generate reusable solutions to frequently encountered problems in software engineering and object oriented programming. A design pattern is a repeatable software design solution that provides a template for solving various instances of a general problem.

Matched MeSH terms: Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*

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