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[A case of chronic schistosomiasis four years after infestation]

Pedalino M, Vercesi E, Manini C, Piras D, Di Primio OG, Vella R, et al.

Urologia, 2010 Oct-Dec;77 Suppl 17:38-41.
PMID: 21308673

Authors present a case of bilharziosis incidentally diagnosed in a patient undergoing TURB for suspected bladder cancer. The patient, who in 2005 had gone to Malaysia, had been suffering from recurrent hemorrhagic cystitis since 2007, which were treated with antibiotic therapy. In November 2009 he presented to our observation for persistent hematuria, underwent ultrasound examination, fibroscopy and TURB diagnostics for suspicious lesions. The histopathology diagnosis found granulomatous lesions with typical parasites eggs due to schistosomiasis eggs. As a consequence of that, the patient underwent medical therapy. The pathologist's role becomes nullifying not only for the diagnosis of parasitic infections but also for the exclusion or evidence of urothelial squamous neoplasia. The low incidence of this rare parasitic disease in European tourists and the presence of immigrants in our country require to spread the knowledge of these parasites and the most simple tests for early detection.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis haematobia/complications; Schistosomiasis haematobia/diagnosis*; Schistosomiasis haematobia/drug therapy; Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology; Schistosomiasis haematobia/parasitology
Serine protease inhibitor, serpin, is a biomarker following Schistosoma mansoni re-infection in mice

Mohammed ES, El-Dakhly KM

Trop Biomed, 2021 Jun 01;38(2):63-67.
PMID: 33973574 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.039

Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease affecting mostly low income and resourcelimited countries. Despite the distribution of the curative medicine, praziquantel (PZQ), the frequency of re-infection is commonly reported, thus, making a difficulty to discriminate treatment failure after re-infection. Therefore, assessing Schistosoma mansoni re-infection after praziquantel administration is crucial to prove the treatment efficacy and to break the transmission of infection in endemic areas. The evolution of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic markers, reliable to detect the re-infection and to evaluate the treatment efficacy, is required to control schistosomiasis. In this study, the potential role of serpin recombinant antigen of S. mansoni as a biomarker of re-infection and chemotherapeutic efficacy has been assessed. Therefore, 20 mice were experimentally challenged and re-challenged with 50 S. mansoni cercariae and divided into 4 equal groups; the first included infected mice (control positive), the second group was twice infected with S. mansoni and left untreated, the third included mice twice infected then treated with praziquantel following the last challenge, and the forth one remained uninfected and untreated (control negative). The current findings demonstrated that high levels of IgG and IgG1 bound to serpin were detected following the re-infection and rapidly declined post treatment. In summary, S. mansoni recombinant serpin could be used as a promising marker to discriminate S. mansoni re-infection and evaluated the efficacy of treatment. The translation of such a potential tool in endemic areas will provide a significant support for the elimination and control programs against schistosomiasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis; Schistosomiasis mansoni
Multidisciplinary biomarkers aggrieve morbidity in schistosomiasis

Noha MA, Enas AE, Aly E, Mohamed AE

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):833-844.
PMID: 33597455

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers by definition are measurable molecules that mark the evidence of certain pathological processes. Collaboration of various biomarkers influences morbidity of schsitosomiasis in Egypt.
OBJECTIVES: To identify the biomarkers: CRP, IgE, hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin D, and platelets in terms of relationship with active and chronic schistosomiasis; demographic data, and their interinfluence.
STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study.
METHODS: Parasitological analysis of stool and urine samples, Indirect Hemagglutination Test, Enzyme linked Immunoassay, Hematology Analyzer, and Statistical Package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 25.
RESULTS: Out of 400 participants, 25% suffered of schistosomiasis: active S. mansoni infections in 7 cases (1.75%), S. haematobium infections in 6 cases (1.5%), and chronic schistosomiasis infections in 20 cases (5%). Creactive protein (CRP) likewise IgE levels were higher in active S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections when compared with chronic schistosomiasis. IgE levels appeared to affect infection intensity in S. haematobium. Inversely, hemoglobin (Hb) values were low in active schistosomiasis and upgraded in chronic infection (*p<0.05). Ferritin levels varied in active Schistosoma infection and normalized during chronicity. Vitamin D was reduced in active and chronic schistosomiais. Platelet counts were within normal ranges throughout the study groups. Distribution of ferritin, vit D, and platelets was statistically insignificant among Schistosoma infected population. Age affected only hemoglobin, CRP, and IgE biomarkers. CRP and IgE were in direct relationship together and inversely proportional with hemoglobin (*P <0.05).
CONCLUSION: Anemia increased proportionally with biomarkers of inflammatory stress (CRP and IgE) in early infections. Meanwhile, Hb and ferritin (iron stores) improved during chronicity. Hypovitaminosis-D associated the entire course of schistosomiasis while platelet counts were not affected.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology*; Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology*
Cellular and chemokine-mediated regulation in schistosome-induced hepatic pathology

Chuah C, Jones MK, Burke ML, McManus DP, Gobert GN

Trends Parasitol, 2014 Mar;30(3):141-50.
PMID: 24433721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.12.009

In hepatic schistosomiasis, pathology arises when schistosome eggs become lodged in the host liver, evoking an interleukin 4 (IL-4)- and IL-13-mediated dominant CD4(+) Th2 immune response. This response leads to the development of granulomas and fibrosis, with eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, hepatic stellate cells, and lymphocytes all identified as major cellular contributors to these events. This review outlines the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatic schistosomiasis, with an emphasis on the major cellular components and their release of chemokines. The differences between Schistosoma mansoni- and Schistosoma japonicum-induced hepatic granuloma are also discussed. This comprehensive overview of the processes associated with hepatic schistosomiasis may provide new insights into improved treatment for both schistosomiasis and other granulofibrotic diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/complications; Schistosomiasis/immunology*; Schistosomiasis/pathology*; Schistosomiasis japonica/complications; Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology; Schistosomiasis japonica/pathology; Schistosomiasis mansoni/complications; Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology; Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
Discovery of a site of transmission and hosts of a Schistosoma japonicum-like schistosome in Peninsular Malaysia

Greer GJ, Ow-Yang CK, Singh KI, Lim HK

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1980;74(3):425.
PMID: 7434446
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/transmission*
A cross-sectional survey of the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding schistosomiasis among rural schoolchildren in Taiz governorate, southwestern Yemen

Alharazi TH, Al-Mekhlafi HM

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2021 06 02;115(6):687-698.
PMID: 33130880 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa115

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards schistosomiasis among rural schoolchildren in Taiz governorate, southwestern Yemen.
METHODS: A total of 406 children were screened for urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the children's demographic and socio-economic information and their KAP towards schistosomiasis.
RESULTS: Overall, 73 children (18%) were found to be infected by Schistosoma mansoni. None of the children were positive for Schistosoma haematobium. The prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was significantly higher among boys than girls (22.1% vs 12%; p=0.010). Approximately two-thirds (63.3% [257/406]) of the children had heard about schistosomiasis, however, only 38.5%, 53.6%, 28.4% and 38.1% had correct knowledge concerning the causes, symptoms, transmission and prevention, respectively. A significantly higher level of knowledge was observed among boys and Schistosoma-infected children compared with girls and non-infected children (p<0.05). However, a better level of knowledge does not seem to translate directly into the performance of hygienic practices. Multivariate logistic regression showed that sex and infection status were the significant predictors of good knowledge.
CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal schistosomiasis is prevalent among schoolchildren in rural Yemen. The findings reveal that children's knowledge about schistosomiasis is inadequate. Therefore, besides mass drug administration, integrated control programmes should also include health education and the provision of improved drinking water and proper sanitation.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis*
Letter: First case of schistosomiasis in Malaysia

Murugasu R, Dissanaike AS

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1973;67(6):880.
PMID: 4788765
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/epidemiology*
Schistosomiasis malayensis-like infection among the Penan and other interior tribes (Orang Ulu) in upper Rejang River Basin Sarawak Malaysia

Sagin DD, Ismail G, Fui JN, Jok JJ

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2001 Mar;32(1):27-32.
PMID: 11485090

A serosurvey of various indigenous interior tribes (Orang Ulu) in upper Rejang River Basin Sarawak Malaysia, the site of a multibillion Ringgit hydroelectric power project, found 6.8% of the individual surveyed were seropositive for schistosomiasis, as determined by ELISA method using the soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma malayensis Baling strain. In all age group, the seroprevalence rate is higher (9.5%) in males than in females (4.5%) except for the 31-40 age group. Seroprevalence of schistosomiasis was found to increase with age with the above 60 age group having the highest rate followed by the 31-40 age group. Seroprevalence rate among the tribes ranges from 4.1% among the Penan to 11.6% among the Kajang. There was no seroevidence of schistosomiasis among the Ukits. A snail survey found four snail species including Brotia species, the intermediate host of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani, however no schistosome snail host was identified. Although schistosomiasis malayensis-like infection may be endemic in the area, its public health significance remains undetermined.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/diagnosis; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology*; Schistosomiasis/parasitology
Fulltext Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale

Inder Singh K, Krishnasamy M, Ambu S, Rasul R, Chong NL

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Jun;28(2):303-7.
PMID: 9444010

Surveillance studies on cercarial dermatitis were carried out in paddy growing areas in Peninsular Malaysia. It was observed that dermatitis in paddy planters occurred in paddy fields which were cultivated using animals such as bafflos or fields where domestic animals were allowed to graze during the off planting season as these animals harbored the parasite. The causative agent of cercarial dermatitis was Schistosoma spindale. A total of 215 small mammals trapped from Alor Setar and 126 trapped from Labu were examined for the schistosome. In Alor Setar Bandicota indica, Rattus argentiventer and Rattus rattus diardii were the only wild mammals found to be infected with the parasite, while in the Labu areas only Rattus tiomanicus jalorensis was positive for the schistosome. The occurrence of S. spindale in R. argentiventer and R.r. diardii in Alor Setar and in R.t. jalorensis in Labu constitute new host and geographic distribution records of the schistosome.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/epidemiology; Schistosomiasis/veterinary*
Induction of intestinal lesions in rabbits with Koyan and Baling strains of Schistosoma malayensis Sp N

Shekhar KC, Pathmanathan R

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Mar;23(1):92-7.
PMID: 1523486

Schistosoma malayensis Sp N is a putative new species of schistosome discovered in Peninsular Malaysia in 1973. This paper comprises the first report on the detailed gastrointestinal pathology present in rabbits infected with strains of the parasite. Two different strains of schistosome--the Baling and Koyan strains--from two different ecosystems were used to infect inbred rabbits and the resulting pathophysiology was studied. Our results showed that the Baling strain of S. malayensis was more virulent than the Koyan strain and produced nodular, segmental circumferential lesions and large bilharziomas measuring 1-7 cm in diameter in the distal jejunum, ileum and the ileo-caecal junction. The findings indicate that the Baling strain of S. malayensis was more pathogenic for rabbits as compared with the Koyan strain--in relation to the gross pathology of the gut and the tissue egg load. Earlier reports have shown that rabbits infected with S. japonicum induces significant intestinal lesions in rabbits (Cheever et al, 1980 a,b) but these animals are refractory to infection with S. mekongi (Byram and Lichtenberg, 1980). Our studies show that the two strains of S. malayensis adapted well in rabbits. It is also established that in rabbits, the virulence of the Baling strain of S. malayensis is greater than that of S. mekongi and approximates that of S. japonicum.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/blood; Schistosomiasis/parasitology; Schistosomiasis/pathology*
Fulltext Pulmonary pathology in rabbits infected with the Baling and Koyan strains of Schistosoma malayensis

Shekhar KC, Pathmanathan R

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Dec;23(4):711-5.
PMID: 1298078

Two distinct strains of Schistosoma malayensis exist in Malaysia (designated the Baling and Koyan strains). Both these strains show intraspecific variations in pathology (Greer et al, 1988). To evaluate the differences in the pulmonary pathology resulting from infections of the two different strains of Malaysian schistosome, a total of 20 experimental rabbits were infected, 10 each with cercariae of the Koyan strains. Pathological changes were studied over a period of 28 weeks. Granulomas in the lung occurring as a result of infection with the Baling strain were compared with those caused by infection with the Koyan strain. Although both strains produced parenchymatous and alveolar lesions, granulomas caused by the Baling strain of Malaysian schistosome were more numerous and larger (when comparing mean diameter as well as area of granuloma, p < 0.05). In addition, pulmonary vascular hypertensive changes were present in Baling strain infected rabbits. These comprised of pulmonary arteriolar endothelial swelling and damage, intimal elastosis and medial hypertrophy. Angiitis and pulmonary periphlebitis were also noted occasionally. In contrast, Koyan strain infection resulted in fewer and smaller granulomas. Pulmonary vascular changes were minimal.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/pathology*
Detection of Malaysian schistosomiasis in Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia using serodiagnostic tests

Anuar H, Greer GJ, Ow-Yang CK, Sukumaran KD

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Dec;15(4):479.
PMID: 6398916
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/diagnosis*
Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in Southeast Asia

Harinasuta C

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Dec;15(4):431-8.
PMID: 6535256

Schistosomiasis in Southeast Asia, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi and Schistosoma japonicum-like, have been reported from six different countries. The S. japonicum infections are highly prevalent in the Philippines with Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi as the vector snail, and in localized areas in Indonesia with O.h. lindoensis as the snail vector. The S. mekongi infections are recent discovery in the Lower Mekong Basin in Laos and Kampuchea, with Tricula aperta as the vector snail. The S. japonicum-like infections are found as isolated cases diagnosed by the finding of S. japonicum-like eggs in the faeces, rectal biopsy, tissue biopsy or at necropsy in Thailand and Malaysia. The control measures of schistosomiasis have been implemented in the Philippines and Indonesia, while further research studies are being conducted in Thailand and Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/epidemiology*; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control
Report of a freshwater hydrobiid snail from Pahang, Malaysia: a possible host for schistosomes infecting man

Greer GJ, Lim HK, Ow-Yang CK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1980 Mar;11(1):146-7.
PMID: 7403949
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/transmission*
Serological evidence of schistosomiasis among Orang Asli from three areas of Peninsular Malaysia

Greer GJ, Anuar H

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Sep;15(3):303-12.
PMID: 6523170

Using ELISA and COPT diagnostic tests, serological evidence of Malaysian schistosomiasis was discovered among Orang Asli populations from three areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Serum samples collected in 1975 indicated an ELISA-positive prevalence of 25% and a COPT prevalence of 11% from Pos Iskandar, Pahang and an ELISA prevalence of 13% and a COPT of 4% from Bukit Lanjan, Selangor. Resurveys at these site in 1982-1984 showed a continued presence of serological positive individuals but prevalence rates were markedly lower: 7% and 1% for ELISA and 4% and 2% for COPT at Pos Iskandar and Bukit Lanjan respectively. Snail hosts were not found at either site. The source of infection for persons living in these lowland areas remains unknown. In a third area, Kuala Tahan, Pahang, located in the foothills of the central mountain range, foci of transmission have been found near to Orang Asli settlements. The serological prevalence rate among Negrito Orang Asli in that study area was 9% for ELISA and 4% for COPT. Thirty-three of 36 COPT-positive sera produced vacuolated bleb precipates and in 31 these were the only reactions seen. The high percentage of positives producing only these precipates suggests that among Orang Asli schistosomiasis patients such reactions are not an indication of recently acquired infection as has been reported for schistosomiasis patients in the Philippines.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/diagnosis; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology*; Schistosomiasis/parasitology
Schistosomiasis transmission dynamics and control in Southeast Asia

Upatham ES

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Dec;15(4):452-61.
PMID: 6535258
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/epidemiology; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control; Schistosomiasis/transmission*
Susceptibility of snail vectors to Oriental anthropophilic Schistosoma

Yuan HC, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Khunborivan V

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Mar;15(1):86-94.
PMID: 6740384

Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the susceptibility of snail vectors to Oriental anthropophilic Schistosoma. Oncomelania hupensis hupensis was readily infected with the local strain of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain), and also infected with S. japonicum (Philippines strain). O.h. quadrasi was only susceptible to its S. japonicum (Philippines strain). The Oncomelania races were refractory to S. mekongi, S. japonicum-like species (Malaysian strain). Tricula aperta (beta race) was readily infected with S. mekongi, S. sinensium and S. japonicum-like species from Malaysia, but not S. japonicum. T. bollingi was susceptible to S. sinensium and S. mekongi. Robertsiella kaporensis was only susceptible to the local strain, S. japonicum-like species from Malaysia. Geographical isolation may be the cause of these differences in compatibility between the snail vectors and the schistosome parasites.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/parasitology*
Biology of Robertsiella kaporensis snails and Malaysian Schistosoma

Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Viyanant V, Khunborivan V, Kunatham L

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1985 Mar;16(1):1-9.
PMID: 4023798

Studies on the bionomics and host-parasite relationship of Robertsiella kaporensis and Malaysian Schistosoma were investigated. The study was divided into 4 parts: cultivation of snails, R. kaporensis, and maintenance of Malaysian Schistosoma life cycle, daily cercarial shedding cycle in R. kaporensis, miracidial load and cercarial shedding pattern and the infectivity of Malaysian Schistosoma cercariae. R. kaporensis were cultured in the laboratory with the use of plastic container provided with fine sand. The snails were fed with diatoms and Saraca leaves. The development period for the snail eggs was about 20-30 days, the young grew to maturity in 14-15 weeks, and the average growth rate of snails was 0.23 mm per week. The daily cercarial shedding cycle of snails had shown that the peak emergence of cercariae of Malaysian Schistosoma occurred at night, between 6-10 pm. The miracidial load which yielded the best results in terms of percentage infection rates of snails and cercarial output was the miracidial concentration of 8 miracidia per snail. The study on infectivity of Malaysian Schistosoma cercariae has shown that there was a decrease in infectivity of the cercariae to mammalian hosts as the cercariae increased in age. The percentage infection rate of mice and numbers of worms recovered were highest in mice infected with cercariae of 0-1/2 hr. old. Infection of cercariae fell rapidly after the cercariae were 16 hr. old.

Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/transmission
A field trial to control Trichobilharzia brevis by dispersing eggs of Echinostoma audyi

Lie Kian Joe, Owyang CK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1973 Jun;4(2):208-17.
PMID: 4749072
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/prevention & control*
Current status of schistosomiasis in Laos, Thailand and Malaysia

Sornmani S

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1976 Jun;7(2):149-54.
PMID: 1025717
Matched MeSH terms: Schistosomiasis/epidemiology*

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