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  1. Fulltext A Review on the Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans and Animals Reported in Malaysia from 2008-2018
    Nasiru Wana M, Mohd Moklas MA, Watanabe M, Nordin N, Zasmy Unyah N, Alhassan Abdullahi S, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 07 03;17(13).
    PMID: 32635389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134809
    Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Human toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in Malaysia has increased since it was first reported in 1973 as shown in previous reviews of 1991 and 2007. However, over a decade since the last review, comprehensive data on toxoplasmosis in Malaysia is lacking. This work aimed at reviewing articles on toxoplasmosis research in Malaysia in order to identify the research gaps, create public awareness, and efforts made so far and proffer management options on the disease. The present review examines the available published research articles from 2008 to 2018 related to toxoplasmosis research conducted in Malaysia. The articles reviewed were retrieved from nine credible databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Wiley online library, Ovid, and Cochrane using the keywords; Malaysia, toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasma encephalitis, seroprevalence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, pregnant women, genotype strain, anti-toxoplasma antibodies, felines, and vaccine. The data highlighted seropositive cases from healthy community members in Pangkor Island (59.7%) and among migrant workers (57.4%) at alarming rates, as well as 42.5% in pregnant women. Data on animal seroprevalence were limited and there was no information on cats as the definitive host. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from HIV patients; pregnant women, and domestic cats is lacking. This present review on toxoplasmosis is beneficial to researchers, health workers, animal health professionals, and policymakers. Therefore, attention is required to educate and enlighten health workers and the general public about the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  2. Fulltext A community-based survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in rural areas of Taiz governorate, Yemen: the risk of waterborne transmission
    Mahdy MA, Alareqi LM, Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Eryani SM, Al-Mikhlafy AA, Al-Mekhlafi AM, et al.
    Infect Dis Poverty, 2017 Feb 13;6(1):26.
    PMID: 28190399 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0243-0
    BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic coccidian parasite causing morbidity and mortality. In Yemen, T. gondii infection has been reported among pregnant women seeking healthcare in the main cities. However, no data are available on the prevalence of T. gondii infection and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in the rural communities of the country. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify its risk factors among pregnant women in the rural communities of Taiz governorate, Yemen.

    METHODS: A total of 359 pregnant women living in the rural communities of Taiz governorate were enrolled in this study by house-to-house visits. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire, and blood samples were collected and tested for the detection of anti- T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of T. gondii infection among pregnant women in this study was 46.2% (166/359). Bivariate analysis identified the age of  ≥ 30 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-2.65, P = 0.019) and unimproved water sources (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.10-4.55, P = 0.023) as factors associated with T. gondii infection among pregnant women. The multivariable analysis, however, identified unimproved water sources as an independent risk factor (adjusted OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.16-5.0, P = 0.018) associated with T. gondii infection among pregnant women.

    CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women in the rural communities of Taiz, Yemen are at high risk of contracting T. gondii infection. Unimproved water sources (wells, water streams and water tanks) are significantly associated with T. gondii infection and should be considered in prevention and control strategies, especially among pregnant women.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  3. A study on the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Singapore
    Lim KC, Pillai R, Singh M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1982 Dec;13(4):547-50.
    PMID: 6763354
    The indirect fluorescence antibody technique has been employed to study the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in Singapore. 42.5% of clinically suspected cases of toxoplasmosis showed antibody titres. Of these, 17.5% had titres greater than or equal to 1.64. Malays and Indians have higher positive rates compared to the main ethnic group, the Chinese. Antibody titres are found in both males and females and span through the various age groups. The possible mode of transmission is discussed and the importance of congenital toxoplasmosis is indicated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  4. Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia
    Leong AS, Wang F, Thomas V, Ong TH
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1976 Mar;7(1):10-5.
    PMID: 1027097
    Two cases of acquired toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic Malaysian patients are described. In both instances the diagnosis was first made on the finding of the Piringer-Kuchinka reaction in excised lymph nodes from these patients and serological studies further confirmed the presence of hihg toxoplasmic antibody titres. The characteristic histological features of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis are discussed. Diagnosis and management of the disease are briefly reviewed with emphasis that the importance of diagnosing this disease goes beyond the establishment of a mostly self-limiting, clinically unimportant protozoan infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  5. Fulltext Comparative study on Toxoplasma infection between Malaysian and Myanmar pregnant women
    Andiappan H, Nissapatorn V, Sawangjaroen N, Nyunt MH, Lau YL, Khaing SL, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:564.
    PMID: 25498432 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0564-9
    Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, causes a disease called toxoplasmosis which can sometimes be acquired congenitally by a newborn from an infected mother. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risks among 219 and 215 pregnant women from Malaysia and Myanmar, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  6. Current public health status of some food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Malaysia
    Singh KI
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Dec;22 Suppl:11-5.
    PMID: 1822865
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  7. Fulltext Distribution of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among Orang Asli (aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Hakim SL, Radzan T, Nazma M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):485-9.
    PMID: 7777912
    The distribution of anti-toxoplasma antibodies among the aborigines in Malaysia and its association with other soil transmitted infections and eosinophilia were studied. A total of 415 serum samples were collected and tested by IFA test. Overall prevalence was 10.6%, lower than previously reported. The antibody titers showed a unimodal distribution peaking at 1:8 dilution. There was a higher proportion of high antibody titer (> 1:128) in the adult compared to the children with no significant difference in prevalence rate by sex. The pattern of infection does not differ from other soil transmitted infections and there was no association between raised Toxoplasma antibodies with eosinophilia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  8. Food-borne parasitoses in Malaysia epidemiological assessment and research needs
    Shekhar KC
    J R Soc Health, 1995 Jun;115(3):178-85.
    PMID: 7643345
    Food-borne parasitic zoonoses have emerged as a major public health problem in many countries and are posing a medical challenge. They are not only important from the economic point of view but also because of their severe sequelae. In Malaysia, these parasitoses are a tip of an iceberg problem. The article documents all the food-borne parasitic zoonoses reported in Malaysia. An epidemiological assessment of the diseases with research needs is highlighted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  9. Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: systematic review and prevalence snapshots
    Molan A, Nosaka K, Hunter M, Wang W
    Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):898-925.
    PMID: 33597463
    Our group sought to determine the global status of T. gondii infection and to evaluate any continental and geographical trends by systematically examining the currently available epidemiological data on the prevalence of T. gondii infection. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from 10 electronic databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, Embase, PubMed, PLOS ONE, Web of Knowledge, SciELO, MyAIS, Free Medical Journals, and Scopus) without date or language restrictions. Specific medical subject heading terms were used to search for human T. gondii seroprevalence studies that recruited subjects from general apparently healthy populations. The data were collated and analysed for both continental and global trends. The search identified 152 published studies that examined a total of 648,010 subjects. From these, 166,255 were seropositive for T. gondii infection indicating an average global seroprevalence rate of 25.7% (95% CI: 25.6 - 25.8%). The overall range of seroprevalence was determined to be 0.5 - 87.7%. African countries had the highest average seroprevalence rate of 61.4%, followed by Oceania with 38.5%, South America with 31.2%, Europe with 29.6%, USA/Canada with 17.5%, and Asia with 16.4%. Numerous environmental and human factors affect the differences in T. gondii seroprevalence rates observed between the various countries and continents. Monitoring the source and transmission may assist public health authorities to clarify the risk factors involved, as well as focus on implementing optimal state-specific health policies targeting T. gondii transmission control.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  10. Fulltext High seroprevalence of echinococossis, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis among the populations in Babati and Monduli districts, Tanzania
    Khan MB, Sonaimuthu P, Lau YL, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahmud R, Kavana N, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:505.
    PMID: 25388913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0505-7
    The neglected tropical diseases, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis are all globally widespread zoonotic diseases with potentially harmful consequences. There is very limited data available on the prevalence of these infections, except for schistosmiasis, in underdeveloped countries. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis, Schistosoma mansoni, and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in populations from the Monduli and Babati districts in Tanzania.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  11. Fulltext IgG avidity assay: a tool for excluding acute toxoplasmosis in prolonged IgM titer sera from pregnant women
    Emelia O, Rahana AR, Mohamad Firdaus A, Cheng HS, Nursyairah MS, Fatinah AS, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2014 Dec;31(4):633-40.
    PMID: 25776588 MyJurnal
    An accurate diagnosis for toxoplasmosis is crucial for pregnant women as this infection may lead to severe sequelae in the fetus. The value of IgG avidity assay as a tool to determine acute and chronic toxoplasmosis during pregnancy was evaluated in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). In this study, 281 serum samples from 281 pregnant women in various trimesters were collected. These samples were assayed using specific anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies, followed by IgG avidity test. The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was 35.2% (33.5% for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and 1.8% for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies). Of 5 (1.8%) serum samples positive for IgM ELISA, 4 had high-avidity antibodies, suggesting past infection and one sample with borderline avidity index. Two samples with low avidity were from IgM negative serum samples. The IgG avidity assay exhibited an excellent specificity of 97.6% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.6%. The study also demonstrated no significant correlation between avidity indexes of the sera with IgG (r=0.12, p=0.24) and IgM (r=-0.00, p=0.98), suggesting the complementary needs of the two tests for a better diagnosis outcome. These findings highlight the usefulness of IgG avidity assay in excluding a recently acquired toxoplasmosis infection in IgM-positive serum sample.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  12. Observations on some epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis in Malaysia
    Saleha AA
    Int J Zoonoses, 1984 Jun;11(1):75-83.
    PMID: 6389404
    A review of the various studies on toxoplasmosis in peninsular Malaysia is presented. The period of review spanned between 1973 and 1980 during which a number of serological surveys were carried out for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibody in Malaysians, using either the indirect hemagglutination (I.H.A.) or the indirect fluorescent antibody (I.F.A.) tests. The prevalence rates of Toxoplasma antibody were consistently foundhighest among Malays, followed by Indians, Orang Aslis (Aborigines) and lowest among Malays, followed by Indians, Orang Aslia (Aborigines) and lowest among Chinese, the 4 major ethnic groups living in Malaysia. Positive titres, present in all age groups, showed an increase with age but no difference due to sex. However, higher prevalence of positive cases was recorded among rural dwellers and the lower socioeconomic group than from urban dwellers. The possible routes of infection among the ethnic groups were discussed. Among animal populations, the presence of Toxoplasma antibody was detected in buffaloes, swine, goats, cattle, cats and dogs. The epidemiological importance of the findings are discussed and suggestions made for future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  13. Fulltext Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and associated risk factors in women in selected districts of Punjab province, Pakistan
    Ali S, Amjad Z, Khan TM, Maalik A, Iftikhar A, Khan I, et al.
    Parasitology, 2020 Sep;147(10):1133-1139.
    PMID: 32517832 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182020000967
    Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma (T.) gondii. Limited data are available on the occurrence of T. gondii in women especially pregnant women in Pakistan. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk factors associated with T. gondii in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Punjab Province, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted and 593 samples were collected from pregnant (n = 293) and non-pregnant (n = 300) women of District Headquarter Hospitals of Chiniot, Faisalabad, Jhang and Okara, Pakistan. Data related to demographic parameters and risk factors were collected using a pretested questionnaire on blood sampling day. Serum samples were screened for antibodies (IgG) against T. gondii using ELISA. A univariant and binomial logistic regression was applied to estimate the association between seropositive and explanatory variables considering the 95% confidence interval. P value ⩽0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analysis. Out of 593, 44 (7.42%) women were seropositive for T. gondii IgG antibodies. Occupation, age, sampling location, socioeconomic status, contact with cat, pregnancy status and trimester of pregnancy were significantly associated with seropositivity for T. gondii antibodies. Location and trimester of pregnancy were identified as potential risk factors for T. gondii seropositivity based on binomial logistic regression. Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Therefore, now a necessitated awareness is required to instruct the individuals about these infectious diseases (toxoplasmosis) and their control strategies to maintain the health of human population. Moreover, health awareness among public can help the minimization of T. gondii infection during pregnancy and subsequent risk of congenital toxoplasmosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  14. Parasitic infections in Malaysia: changing and challenges
    Nissapatorn V, Lim YA, Jamaiah I, Agnes LS, Amyliana K, Wen CC, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2005;36 Suppl 4:50-9.
    PMID: 16438180
    A total of 1,885 blood and stool samples of four main protozoan parasitic infections were retrospectively reviewed from January, 2000 to April, 2004. Eleven of the 1,350 stool samples were shown positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections; one of the 5 cases was clinically diagnosed as gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis, while 6 cases were giardiasis. In patients with giardiasis, children were among the high-risk groups, making up 66.7% of these patients. The common presenting signs and symptoms were: diarrhea (83.3%), loss of appetite (83.3%), lethargy (83.3%), fever (66.7%), nausea/vomiting (50.0%), abdominal pain (16.7%), dehydration (16.7%) and rigor and chills (16.7%). Metronidazole was the drug of choice and was given to all symptomatic patients (83.3%). For the blood samples, 28 of the 92 peripheral smears for Plasmodium spp infection were diagnosed as malaria. The age range was from 4 to 57, with a median of 32.5 years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 3.6:1, while the age group of 30-44 years was the most commonly affected in both sexes. The majority of patients were foreigners (60.7%) and non-professional (39%). Plasmodium vivax (71%) infection was the most common pathogen found in these patients, along with a history of traveling to an endemic area of malaria (31%). The predominant presenting signs and symptoms were: fever (27%), rigor and chills (24%), nausea/vomiting (15%) and headache (8%). Chloroquine and primaquine was the most common anti-malarial regimen used (78.6%) in these patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in different groups was 258/443 (58%): seropositive for IgG 143 (32.3%); IgM 67 (15%); and IgG + IgM 48 (10.8%). The age range was from 1 to 85, with a mean of 34 (+/- SD 16.6) years. The predominant age group was 21 to 40 years (126; 28.4%). The sex ratio (M:F) was 1.2:1. Subjects were predominantly male (142; 32%) and the Malay (117; 26.4%). Of these, 32 cases were clinically diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis. The range of age was from 10 to 56 years with a mean of 30.5 (+/- SD 12.05) years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 1:1.7. The majority were in the age group of 21 to 40 years, female (20; 62.5%), and Malay (17; 53%). They were also single (16; 50%), unemployed (12; 37%), and resided outside Kuala Lumpur (21; 65.6%). The more common clinical presentations were blurring of vision (25; 78%), floaters (10; 31%) and pain in the eye (7; 22%). We found that funduscopic examination (100%) and seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (93.7%) were the main reasons for investigation. Choroidoretinitis was the most common clinical diagnosis (69%), while clindamycin was the most frequently used antimicrobial in all cases. Among HIV-infected patients, 10 cases were diagnosed as AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) (9 were active and 1 had relapse TE). In addition, 1 case was confirmed as congenital toxoplasmosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  15. Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma infection - an update in Malaysian pregnant women
    Chemoh W, Nur Farhana MN, Noor Azmi MA, Si Lay K, Sawangjaroen N, Tan TC, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2019 Sep 01;36(3):694-702.
    PMID: 33597491
    Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is capable of causing a zoonotic disease, known as toxoplasmosis. Vertical transmission of T. gondii from the mother to the fetus, during pregnancy may cause severe complications to the developing fetus. This current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and investigate the associated risk factors of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women (n=219) visiting the antenatal clinic at UMMC. While the elevated level of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies indicates the presence of infection, it fails to differentiate between a past and a recent infection. Thus, the study also demonstrates the usefulness of IgG avidity in validating the timing of infection. The serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA test, and the seropositive samples for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were further evaluated by IgG avidity. The results showed that the overall prevalence of T. gondii seropositivity was 34.7%. Of these, 30.6% (67/219) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody only, 2.3% (5/219) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgM only, and the remaining 1.8% (4/219) was positive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. All of the pregnant women who were positive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibody were found to have past infection when evaluated by IgG avidity. In this study, Malay ethnicity and the number of existing previous children were significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity (p<0.05). Based on these findings, information and education on the transmission and prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis are very crucial as a public health effort towards a healthier society.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  16. Prevalence of antibodies including IgM to Toxoplasma gondii in Malaysians
    Thomas V, Sinniah B, Yap PL
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1980 Mar;11(1):119-25.
    PMID: 6996108
    A total of 736 sera collected from cord blood babies, children and adults of both sexes and of different age groups in Malaysia were tested using indirect fluorescent antibody technique for Toxoplasma antibodies. The RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii zoites were used as antigen. One hundred and twenty five sera which were reactive at 1:64 or high titres were tested with IgM specific conjugate. Results of the present studies showed that the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibody was highest among the Malays and lowest among children than among adults. The significance of Toxoplasma specific IgM was discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology
  17. Fulltext Review of toxoplasmosis in Malaysia
    Yahaya N
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Dec;22 Suppl:102-6.
    PMID: 1822863
    Various studies on toxoplasmosis in Malaysia have shown that specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii are common among Malaysians. Among the ethnic groups, the Malays have the highest prevalence rate followed by Indians, Orang Aslis (aborigines) and Chinese. Antibody is acquired early in life and increases with age. There is no significant difference in the prevalence rate between males and females. The disease is apparently more prevalent among rural dwellers and those in the lower socioeconomic group. It appears that the prevalence rate is also influenced by environmental conditions, occupation, diet and cultural habits. Studies with animals have shown the presence of antibody to T. gondii, but this does not seem to be the source of infection since Malaysians normally cook their meat well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  18. Fulltext Review on human toxoplasmosis in Malaysia: the past, present and prospective future
    Nissapatorn V, Abdullah KA
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2004 Mar;35(1):24-30.
    PMID: 15272740
    We reviewed various studies regarding human toxoplasmosis in Malaysia. They showed a varying prevalence of specific Toxoplasma antibodies among the Malaysian population. The Malays have shown the highest seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, by most studies, when compared to other races. Demographic profiles have shown that Toxoplasma seropositivity is higher in males than females, lower in people with higher incomes, higher in the unemployed and tends to increase with age. In general, the route of transmission, such as contact with a cat, consumption of undercooked meat and blood transfusion were shown to have no significant association with Toxoplasma seropositivity (p > 0.05). The immune status (CD4 cell count < 200 cell/mm3) was strongly associated with toxoplasmic encephalitis (p < 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  19. Sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women attending an ante-natal clinic at a teaching hospital in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
    Qamer S, Rizvi SSR, Raoof S, Kamal SM, Khan S
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):186-193.
    PMID: 33612729
    Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic infection that may be transmitted to human beings either by consumption of raw or uncooked meat or by ingesting oocysts. Toxoplasma organisms can cross blood placenta barrier and may result in congenital toxoplasmosis. About 80% of immunocompetent individuals do not show any clinical manifestations and are silent carriers of this disease. Pregnant women especially in highly prevalent areas are recommended to be screened for this disease in order to prevent the potential vertical transmission. To our knowledge no such study has been conducted in this region of Saudi Arabia. This study attempted to carry out two objectives: first, to find out the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in pregnant women attending prenatal care services in our hospital; second, to find out risk factors associated with T. gondii seroprevalence in our patients. It was carried out in Teaching Hospital in Al-Kharj over a period of one year. All 306 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were involved in the study. A pretested selfexplanatory questionnaire was filled out by the patients and their sera were collected to be tested for IgG and/or IgM against T. gondii. The results were then statistically analyzed using SPSS software and p-value was calculated using Pearson Chi Square test. Out of the 306 blood samples tested, 99 (32.4%) were seropositive for specific anti T. gondii IgG antibodies and 3(1%) were seropositive for IgM. This show that seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was high among pregnant women and the prevalence showed a significant association with age. The study recommends conducting educational programs to raise awareness among women about risk factors and precautions to be taken.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients and healthy blood donors
    Nissapatorn V, Kamarulzaman A, Init I, Tan LH, Rohela M, Norliza A, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Sep;57(3):304-10.
    PMID: 12440270 MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Blood samples from 100 HIV-infected patients and 203 Healthy Blood Donors (HBD) were collected and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by using conventional ELISA. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors were found to be 21% and 28.1% respectively. There was no significant association between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and various possible risk factors i.e. contact with cat, consumption of undercooked meat and history of blood transfusion in both groups. No significant differences between Toxoplasma seroprevalence in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors in association with presence of single or multiple risk factors were found. The mean CD4 count among HIV/AIDS patients in this study was 202.23 cell/cumm. There was no significant association between CD4 count and seropositivity for Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology*
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