MyMedR

Taikongs and Calos: the role of middlemen and brokers in Javanese international migration

Spaan E

Int Migr Rev, 1994;28(1):93-113.

"This article discusses international migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement. It describes legal and clandestine labor migration to Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, the influence of employment brokers on the process, and the organization of the recruitment networks. The involvement of brokers is crucial but not always beneficial for the migrants. Migrants are dependent on the brokers and risk exploitation. In the case of movement to Saudi Arabia, there is a linkage with religious institutions and the Islamic pilgrimage."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

The relationship between migration and development in the ESCAP region

Skeldon R

Popul Res Leads, 1991.

PMID: 12317488

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Changing roles of women: reproduction to production

Rachapaetayakom J

Popul Manag, 1988 Dec;2(2):18-27.

PMID: 12282180

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Job transfers: a neglected aspect of migration in Malaysia

Menon R

Int Migr Rev, 1987;21(1):86-95.

PMID: 12314668

"This article examines the incidence of [job-related] transfers in Malaysia. The retrospective migration data from the Malaysia Family Life Survey [conducted in 1976-1977] are used to demonstrate that transfers comprise 18 percent of all migration in the country and that there has been a rise in the incidence of transfers over a 35 year period. Factors underlying this trend are outlined. Furthermore, significant differences in age, educational attainment and other characteristics between transferees and other types of migrants are identified and their implications discussed."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Migration plans and hours of work in Malaysia

Gillin ED, Sumner DA

Int Migr Rev, 1985;19(2):239-50.

PMID: 12280256

"This article describes characteristics of prospective migrants in the Malaysian Family Life Survey and investigates how planning to move affects hours of work. [The authors] use ideas about intertemporal substitution...to discuss the response to temporary and permanent wage expectations on the part of potential migrants. [An] econometric section presents reduced-form estimates for wage rates and planned migration equations and two-stage least squares estimates for hours of work. Men currently planning a move were found to work fewer hours. Those originally planning only a temporary stay at their current location work more hours."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Singapore's foreign workforce: some reflections on its benefits and costs

Stahl CW

Int Migr Rev, 1984;18(1):37-49.

PMID: 12312927

"This article provides some empirical information pertaining to the benefits and costs of foreign labor to Singapore and subjects to critical analysis some of Pang and Lim's hypotheses concerning the costs of labor importation presented in a previous article.... The article concludes with a discussion of the real cost to Malaysia of Singapore's labor importation policies and its potential for disruption of Malaysia's development plans."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Indonesian migrants in Johor: an itinerant labour force

Guinness P

Bull Indones Econ Stud, 1990 Apr;26(1):117-31.

PMID: 12282972

"The links between Indonesia and Johor, Malaysia, across the narrow straits have been strong for centuries. Many Johoreans trace their origins to various islands in the Indonesian archipelago. In recent years the presence of large numbers of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia has become the focus of media and political debate; it is seen not only as undermining working conditions but as aggravating fragile ethnic relations within Malaysia. The aim of this article is to examine the presence and employment of Indonesians in the southern area of Johor, and the responses of government and the public to this phenomenon."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Migration of women to cities: the Asian situation in comparative perspective

Khoo SE, Smith PC, Fawcett JT

Int Migr Rev, 1984;18(4 Special Issue):1247-63.

PMID: 12340237

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Women and the media in Malaysia

Adnan MH

Media Asia, 1987;14(4):194-203.

PMID: 12281076

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Injury and Mortality in Young Nepalese Migrant Workers: A Call for Public Health Action

Aryal N, Regmi PR, van Teijlingen E, Simkhada P, Adhikary P, Bhatta YK, et al.

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2016 Nov;28(8):703-705.

PMID: 27634831

Approximately 3.5 million Nepalese are working as migrant workers in the Gulf countries, Malaysia, and India. Every year there are more than 1000 deaths and many hundreds cases of injuries among Nepalese workers in these countries excluding India. A postmortem examination of migrant workers is not carried out in most of these countries, and those with work-related injuries are often sent back to home. Uninsured migrant workers also do not have easy access to health care services in host countries due to the high medical and hospital fees. Greater efforts are needed to protect the health and well-being, labor rights, and human rights of migrant workers from Nepal and other South-Asian nations. There is a need to enforce universal labor laws in these countries and to develop accurate records of mortality and morbidity and their causes.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/legislation & jurisprudence

Fulltext What is the prevalence of and associations with forced labour experiences among male migrants from Dolakha, Nepal? Findings from a cross-sectional study of returnee migrants

Mak J, Abramsky T, Sijapati B, Kiss L, Zimmerman C

BMJ Open, 2017 Aug 11;7(8):e015835.

PMID: 28801409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015835

OBJECTIVES: Growing numbers of people are migrating outside their country for work, and many experience precarious conditions, which have been linked to poor physical and mental health. While international dialogue on human trafficking, forced labour and slavery increases, prevalence data of such experiences remain limited.

METHODS: Men from Dolakha, Nepal, who had ever migrated outside of Nepal for work were interviewed on their experiences, from predeparture to return (n=194). Forced labour was assessed among those who returned within the past 10 years (n=140) using the International Labour Organization's forced labour dimensions: (1) unfree recruitment; (2) work and life under duress; and (3) impossibility to leave employer. Forced labour is positive if any one of the dimensions is positive.

RESULTS: Participants had worked in India (34%), Malaysia (34%) and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (29%), working in factories (29%), as labourers/porters (15%) or in skilled employment (12%). Among more recent returnees (n=140), 44% experienced unfree recruitment, 71% work and life under duress and 14% impossibility to leave employer. Overall, 73% experienced forced labour during their most recent labour migration.Forced labour was more prevalent among those who had taken loans for their migration (PR 1.23) and slightly less prevalent among those who had migrated more than once (PR 0.87); however the proportion of those who experienced forced labour was still high (67%). Age, destination and duration of stay were associated with only certain dimensions of forced labour.

CONCLUSION: Forced labour experiences were common during recruitment and at destination. Migrant workers need better advice on assessing agencies and brokers, and on accessing services at destinations. As labour migration from Nepal is not likely to reduce in the near future, interventions and policies at both source and destinations need to better address the challenges migrants face so they can achieve safer outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/statistics & numerical data*

Noise-induced hearing loss and associated factors among vector control workers in a Malaysian state

Masilamani R, Rasib A, Darus A, Ting AS

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2014 Nov;26(6):642-50.

PMID: 22548779 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512444776

This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated factors of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among vector control workers in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 181 vector control workers who were working in district health offices in a state in Malaysia. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and audiometry. Prevalence of NIHL was 26% among this group of workers. NIHL was significantly associated with the age-group of 40 years and older, length of service of 10 or more years, current occupational noise exposure, listening to loud music, history of firearms use, and history of mumps/measles infection. Following logistic regression, age of more than 40 years and noise exposure in current occupation were associated with NIHL with an odds ratio of 3.45 (95% confidence interval = 1.68-7.07) and 6.87 (95% confidence interval = 1.54-30.69), respectively, among this group of vector control workers.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/statistics & numerical data

Outcome study of first-episode schizophrenia in a developing country: quality of life and antipsychotics

Chee KY

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2009 Feb;44(2):143-50.

PMID: 18642120 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-008-0415-0

AIM: Quality of life has recently been emphasized in the management of schizophrenia, yet data from developing country is lacking. We explored the differences in subjective quality of life between conventional antipsychotics (CAs) and atypical antipsychotics (AAs).

METHODS: This is a naturalistic study conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Patients with first-episode schizophrenia and related psychosis were recruited from Kuala Lumpur Hospital. WHOQOL-BREF, side effects of medications and other variables were assessed after 1 year of treatment in routine clinical situation.

RESULTS: The study comprised 120 adults. There were no significant statistical differences between groups concerning subjective quality of life, extrapyramidal side effects and employment. Significant less benzhexol usage was reported among AAs (P<0.001) compared to CAs and sulpiride.

CONCLUSION: Patients treated with CAs, sulpiride or AAs experienced similar quality of life, clinical and health outcomes after 1 year commencing treatment. Overall, the results are in line with other major pragmatic clinical trials. This study also found sulpiride cost-effective.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/statistics & numerical data

Fulltext Pre-employment medical examination of Indonesian domestic helpers in a private clinic in Johor Bahru--an eight year review

Leong CC

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):592-8.

PMID: 17623961

On review of 3117 patients' records (all were female Indonesian foreign workers over the span of eight years (1997 to 2004 in a private clinic in Johor Bahru, 223 cases (7.2%) were found to have various medical problems. These 3117 foreigners were to be employed as domestic helpers in Malaysia. They were examined upon arrival in Johor Bahru even though our government did not require this pre-requisite (before 1st August 2005) as they were examined and certified fit in their country of origin before embarking to Malaysia. The proportion of female Indonesian foreign workers who were afflicted with category 1 conditions was 55.6% (which rendered them unfit for employment) and category 2 conditions was 44.4%. The medical problem detected most frequently was hypertension. Sixty-one (80.3%) out of 76 workers had stage 2 hypertension (JNC 7 report). Pulmonary tuberculosis ranked second in this review and is a category 1 condition. This paper supports the recent move by the Malaysian Ministry of Health to implement mandatory medical examinations for all foreign workers arriving in Malaysia within one month of arrival regardless of whether or not they are certified fit in their countries of origin.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/legislation & jurisprudence*

Fulltext Prevalence, associated factors and predictors of anxiety: a community survey in Selangor, Malaysia

Kader Maideen SF, Mohd Sidik S, Rampal L, Mukhtar F

BMC Psychiatry, 2015;15:262.

PMID: 26497745 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0648-x

Anxiety is the most common mental health disorders in the general population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety, its associated factors and the predictors of anxiety among adults in the community of Selangor, Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment/psychology

Fulltext Work related injury and illness: exploring the return-to-work program in Malaysia

Awang H, Mansor N, Rodrigo SK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2015 Nov;46(6):1124-33.

PMID: 26867371

Illness and injury have a significant impact on employees, their families and employers. The consequences faced by an injured worker could lead to disability, which could then lead to inability to work. This study examined the patterns of the Return to Work (RTW) using data from The Social Security Organisation (SOCSO) of Malaysia RTW database from 2010 to 2013. Factors of successful return to work, employees' salary upon returning to formal employment were also investigated. Gender, age, year of injury, industry, and job hierarchy were found to be significant predictors of employees' salary upon returning to work. Although there are other costs involved on the part of employers and employees, themselves, in the long term the financial returns that can be brought back by injured workers who have successfully returned to work combined with the qualitative benefits substantially outweighs the costs of RTW program.

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Migration and development: a critical relationship

Appleyard RT

Asian Pac Migr J, 1992;1(1):1-18.

PMID: 12317235

"Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development.... The model presented in this article proposes different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients, illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia."

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Children as a resource: environmental degradation and fertility

Joekes S

Focus Gend, 1994 Jun;2(2):13-8.

PMID: 12345527

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Socio-economic determinants of fertility in some countries of Asia

Pathak KB, Murty PK

Artha Vijnana, 1982 Jun;24(2):163-78.

PMID: 12339046

Matched MeSH terms: Employment*

Labor markets and economic development in Malaysia