Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 47 in total

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  1. Fulltext Effect of supercritical fluid density on nanoencapsulated drug particle size using the supercritical antisolvent method
    Kalani M, Yunus R
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2012;7:2165-72.
    PMID: 22619552 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S29805
    The reported work demonstrates and discusses the effect of supercritical fluid density (pressure and temperature of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide) on particle size and distribution using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) method in the purpose of drug encapsulation. In this study, paracetamol was encapsulated inside L-polylactic acid, a semicrystalline polymer, with different process parameters, including pressure and temperature, using the SAS process. The morphology and particle size of the prepared nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that increasing temperature enhanced mean particle size due to the plasticizing effect. Furthermore, increasing pressure enhanced molecular interaction and solubility; thus, particle size was reduced. Transmission electron microscopy images defined the internal structure of nanoparticles. Thermal characteristics of nanoparticles were also investigated via differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the changes in crystallinity structure during the SAS process. In vitro drug release analysis determined the sustained release of paracetamol in over 4 weeks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  2. Fulltext Preparation of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles coated with gallic acid for drug delivery
    Dorniani D, Hussein MZ, Kura AU, Fakurazi S, Shaari AH, Ahmad Z
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2012;7:5745-56.
    PMID: 23166439 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S35746
    Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using a sonochemical method under atmospheric conditions at a Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ molar ratio of 1:2. The iron oxide nanoparticles were subsequently coated with chitosan and gallic acid to produce a core-shell structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  3. Fulltext Application of supercritical antisolvent method in drug encapsulation: a review
    Kalani M, Yunus R
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2011;6:1429-42.
    PMID: 21796245 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S19021
    The review focuses on the application of supercritical fluids as antisolvents in the pharmaceutical field and demonstrates the supercritical antisolvent method in the use of drug encapsulation. The main factors for choosing the solvent and biodegradable polymer to produce fine particles to ensure effective drug delivery are emphasized and the effect of polymer structure on drug encapsulation is illustrated. The review also demonstrates the drug release mechanism and polymeric controlled release system, and discusses the effects of the various conditions in the process, such as pressure, temperature, concentration, chemical compositions (organic solvents, drug, and biodegradable polymer), nozzle geometry, CO(2) flow rate, and the liquid phase flow rate on particle size and its distribution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  4. Encapsulation of caffeine into starch matrices: Bitterness evaluation and suppression mechanism
    Shao M, Li S, Tan CP, Kraithong S, Gao Q, Fu X, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Mar 15;173:118-127.
    PMID: 33444656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.043
    In this study, caffeine (CA) was encapsulated into food-grade starch matrices, including swelled starch (SS), porous starch (PS), and V-type starch (VS). The bitterness of the microcapsules and suppression mechanisms were investigated using an electronic tongue, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the in vitro release kinetics of CA. All the CA-loaded microcapsules showed a lower bitterness intensity than the control. The MD results proved that the weak interactions between starch and CA resulted in a moderate CA release rate for SS-CA microcapsules. The PS-CA microcapsule presented the longest CA release, up to 40 min, whereas the VS-CA microcapsule completely released CA in 9 min. The CA release rate was found to be related to the microcapsule structure and rehydration properties. A low CA bitterness intensity could be attributed to a delay in the CA release rate and resistance to erosion of the microcapsules. The results of this work are valuable for improving starch-based microcapsules (oral-targeted drug-delivery systems) by suppressing the bitterness of alkaloid compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  5. Carboxymethyl fenugreek galactomannan-gellan gum-calcium silicate composite beads for glimepiride delivery
    Bera H, Mothe S, Maiti S, Vanga S
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):604-614.
    PMID: 28916379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.027
    Novel carboxymethyl fenugreek galactomannan (CFG)-gellan gum (GG)-calcium silicate (CS) composite beads were developed for controlled glimepiride (GLI) delivery. CFG having degree of carboxymethylation of 0.71 was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, DSC and XRD analyses. Subsequently, GLI-loaded hybrids were accomplished by ionotropic gelation technique employing Ca+2/Zn+2/Al+3 ions as cross-linkers. All the formulations demonstrated excellent drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, 48-97%) and sustained drug release behaviour (Q8h, 62-94%). These quality attributes were remarkably influenced by polymer-blend (GG:CFG) ratios, cross-linker types and CS inclusion. The drug release profile of the optimized formulation (F-6) was best fitted in zero-order model with anomalous diffusion driven mechanism. It also conferred excellent ex vivo mucoadhesive property and considerable hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, the beads were characterized for drug-excipients compatibility, drug crystallinity, thermal behaviour and surface morphology. Thus, the developed hybrid matrices are appropriate for controlled delivery of GLI for Type 2 diabetes management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  6. Fulltext Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its larvicidal property against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti
    Ali ZA, Roslan MA, Yahya R, Wan Sulaiman WY, Puteh R
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2017 Mar;11(2):152-156.
    PMID: 28476997 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0123
    In this study, larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using apple extract against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti was determined. As a result, the AgNPs showed moderate larvicidal effects against Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50 = 15.76 ppm and LC90 = 27.7 ppm). In addition, comparison of larvicidal activity performance of AgNPs at high concentration prepared using two different methods showed that Ae. aegypti larvae was fully eliminated within the duration of 2.5 h. From X-ray diffraction, the AgNP crystallites were found to exhibit face centred cubic structure. The average size of these AgNPs as estimated by particle size distribution was in the range of 50-120 nm. The absorption maxima of the synthesised Ag showed characteristic Ag surface plasmon resonance peak. This green synthesis provides an economic, eco-friendly and clean synthesis route to Ag.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  7. Fulltext Characterisation of sol-gel method synthesised MgZnFe2O4 nanoparticles and its cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell line, MDA MB-231 in vitro
    Nordin N, Kanagesan S, Zamberi NR, Yeap SK, Abu N, Tamilselvan S, et al.
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2017 Apr;11(3):343-348.
    PMID: 28476993 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0007
    In this study, nanocrystalline magnesium zinc ferrite nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a simple sol-gel method using copper nitrate and ferric nitrate as raw materials. The calcined samples were characterised by differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the average particle size of the calcined sample was in a range of 17-41 nm with an average of 29 nm and has spherical size. A cytotoxicity test was performed on human breast cancer cells (MDA MB-231) and (MCF-7) at various concentrations starting from (0 µg/ml) to (800 µg/ml). The sample possessed a mild toxic effect toward MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 after being examined with MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for up to 72 h of incubation. Higher reduction of cells viability was observed as the concentration of sample was increased in MDA MB-231 cell line than in MCF-7. Therefore, further cytotoxicity tests were performed on MDA MB-231 cell line.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  8. Fulltext Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation
    Noor NM, Khan AA, Hasham R, Talib A, Sarmidi MR, Aziz R, et al.
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2016 Aug;10(4):195-9.
    PMID: 27463789 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0041
    Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 µm to 44.265 ± 1.870 µm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from -43.2 ± 0.28 mV to -47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 µm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 µg/cm(2) whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 µg/cm(2)). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  9. Influence of beta-cyclodextrin and chitosan in the formulation of a colon-specific drug delivery system
    Rehman K, Amin MC, Muda S
    Drug Res (Stuttg), 2013 Dec;63(12):657-62.
    PMID: 23842943 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1349129
    The increase in diseases of the colon underscores the need to develop cost-effective site-directed therapies. We formulated a polysaccharide-based matrix system that could release ibuprofen under conditions simulating those in the colon by employing a wet granulation method. Tablets were prepared in a series of formulations containing a polysaccharide (beta-cyclodextrin and chitosan) matrix system along with ethylcellulose. We characterized physicochemical properties and performed an in vitro drug release assay in the absence and presence of digestive enzymes to assess the ability of the polysaccharides to function as a protective barrier against the upper gastrointestinal environment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed no chemical interaction between ibuprofen and polysaccharides; however, spectrum analysis suggested the formation of an inclusion complex of beta-cyclodextrin with ibuprofen. The formulations contained 50% ethylcellulose and 50% beta-cyclodextrins (1:1) were proven to be the better formulation that slowly released the drug until 24 h (101.04 ± 0.65% maximum drug release in which 83.08 ± 0.89% drug was released in colonic medium) showed better drug release profiles than the formulations containing chitosan. We conclude that a beta-cyclodextrin drug carrier system may represent an effective approach for treatment of diseases of the colon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  10. Thermal sintering: a novel technique used in the design, optimization and biopharmaceutical evaluation of propranolol HCl gastric floating tablets
    Venkata Srikanth M, Songa AS, Nali SR, Battu JR, Kolapalli VR
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2014 Jan;40(1):33-45.
    PMID: 23317339 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.744416
    The objective of the present investigation was to study the applicability of thermal sintering technique for the development of gastric floating tablets of propranolol HCl. Formulations were prepared using four independent variables, namely (i) polymer quantity, (ii) sodium bicarbonate concentration, (iii) sintering temperature and (iv) sintering time. Floating lag time and t95 were taken as dependent variables. Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method and were evaluated for physicochemical properties, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. From the drug release studies, it was observed that drug retarding property mainly depends upon the sintering temperature and time of exposure. The statistically optimized formulation (PTSso) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies, and no significant chemical interaction between drug and polymer was observed. Optimized formulation was stable at accelerated conditions for a period of six months. PTSso was evaluated for in vivo buoyancy studies in humans for both fed and fasted states and found that gastric residence time of the floating tablets were enhanced by fed stage but not in fasted state. Optimized formulation PTSso and commercial formulation Ciplar LA 80 were subjected to bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers by estimating pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, area under curve (AUC), elimination rate constant (Kel), biological half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT). There was a significant increase in the bioavailability of the propranolol HCl from PTSso formulation, which was evident from increased AUC levels and larger MRT values than Ciplar LA 80.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  11. Sustained-release alginate-chitosan pellets prepared by melt pelletization technique
    Wong TW, Nurulaini H
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2012 Dec;38(12):1417-27.
    PMID: 22309449 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653364
    Alginate-chitosan pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique exhibited fast drug dissolution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  12. Detrimental consequences of the paracetamol tablet elastic relaxation during ejection
    Anuar MS, Briscoe BJ
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2010 Aug;36(8):972-9.
    PMID: 20515396 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003610807
    It is generally accepted that the tablet elastic relaxation during compaction plays a vital role in undermining the final tablet mechanical integrity. One of the least investigated stages of the compaction process is the ejection stage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  13. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded PLA-PEG microspheres for controlled parenteral drug delivery
    Sheshala R, Peh KK, Darwis Y
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2009 Nov;35(11):1364-74.
    PMID: 19832637 DOI: 10.3109/03639040902939213
    AIM: The aim of this study was to prepare insulin-loaded poly(lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol microspheres that could control insulin release at least for 1 week and evaluate their in vivo performance in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.
    METHODS: The microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Different formulation variables influencing the yield, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release profiles were investigated. The pharmacokinetic study of optimized formulation was performed with single dose in comparison with multiple dose of Humulin 30/70 as a reference product in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
    RESULTS: The optimized formulation of insulin microspheres was nonporous, smooth-surfaced, and spherical in structure under scanning electron microscope with a mean particle size of 3.07 microm and entrapment efficiency of 42.74% of the theoretical amount incorporated. The in vitro insulin release profiles was characterized by a bimodal behavior with an initial burst release because of the insulin adsorbed on the microsphere surface, followed by slower and continuous release corresponding to the insulin entrapped in polymer matrix.
    CONCLUSIONS: The optimized formulation and reference were comparable in the extent of absorption. Consequently, these microspheres can be proposed as new controlled parenteral delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  14. Development of a novel direct compressible co-processed excipient and its application for formulation of Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets
    Loke YH, Chew YL, Janakiraman AK, Lee SK, Uddin ABMH, Goh CF, et al.
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2024 Jan;50(1):36-44.
    PMID: 38149637 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2294095
    INTRODUCTION: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are designed to dissolve in the oral cavity within 3 min, providing a convenient option for patients as they can be taken without water. Direct compression is the most common method used for ODTs formulations. However, the availability of single composite excipients with desirable characteristics such as good compressibility, fast disintegration, and a good mouthfeel suitable for direct compression is limited.

    OBJECTIVE: This research was proposed to develop a co-processed excipient composed of xylitol, mannitol, and microcrystalline cellulose for the formulation of ODTs.

    METHODS: A total of 11 formulations of co-processed excipients with different ratios of ingredients were prepared, which were then compressed into ODTs, and their characteristics were thoroughly examined. The primary focus was on evaluating the disintegration time and hardness of the tablets, as these factors are important in ensuring the ODTs meet the desired criteria. The model drug, Mirtazapine was then incorporated into the chosen optimized formulation.

    RESULTS: The results showed that the formulation comprised of 10% xylitol, 10% mannitol and 80% microcrystalline cellulose demonstrated the fastest disintegration time (1.77 ± 0.119 min) and sufficient hardness (3.521 ± 0.143 kg) compared to the other formulations. Furthermore, the drug was uniformly distributed within the tablets and fully released within 15 min.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, the developed co-processed excipients show great potential in enhancing the functionalities of ODTs, offering a promising solution to improve the overall performance and usability of ODTs in various therapeutic applications.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  15. Fulltext The influence of operational parameters and feed preparation in a convective batch ribbon powder mixer
    Yeow ST, Shahar A, Abdul Aziz N, Anuar MS, Yusof YA, Taip FS
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2011;5:465-9.
    PMID: 22162640 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S25047
    To investigate the effect of feed preparation characteristics and operational parameters on mixing homogeneity in a convective batch ribbon mixer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  16. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide in contact lens disinfectants is a potential preventative strategy against contracting Acanthamoeba keratitis
    Siddiqui R, Aqeel Y, Khan NA
    Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2016 Oct;39(5):389-93.
    PMID: 27133448 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2016.04.004
    Acanthamoeba castellanii is the causative agent of blinding keratitis. Though reported in non-contact lens wearers, it is most frequently associated with improper use of contact lens. For contact lens wearers, amoebae attachment to the lens is a critical first step, followed by amoebae binding to the corneal epithelial cells during extended lens wear. Acanthamoeba attachment to surfaces (biological or inert) and migration is an active process and occurs during the trophozoite stage. Thus retaining amoebae in the cyst stage (dormant form) offers an added preventative measure in impeding parasite traversal from the contact lens onto the cornea. Here, we showed that as low as 3% DMSO, abolished A. castellanii excystation. Based on the findings, it is proposed that DMSO should be included in the contact lens disinfectants as an added preventative strategy against contracting Acanthamoeba keratitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  17. Stomach-site specific drug delivery system of clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori
    Rajinikanth PS, Mishra B
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2009 Oct;57(10):1068-75.
    PMID: 19801860
    Gellan gum based floating beads containing clarithromycin (FBC) were prepared by iontotropic gelation method for stomach-specific drug delivery against Helicobacter pylori. The scanning electron microscope photograph indicated that prepared beads were spherical in shape with rough outer surface. Formulation variables such as concentrations of gellan, calcium carbonate and drug loading influenced the in vitro drug release characteristics of prepared beads. In vitro release rate of clarithromycin was corrected using first order degradation rate constant which is degraded significantly during the release study in simulated gastric fluid pH 2.0. Further, the absence of interactions between drug and polymer was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Kinetic treatment of the in vitro drug release data with different kinetic equations revealed matrix diffusion mechanism. Prepared beads showed good anti-microbial activity against isolated H. pylori strain. The prepared beads have shown good in vivo floating efficiency in rabbit stomach. The stability studies of beads did not show any significant changes after storage of beads at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidity for 6 months. The preliminary results from this study suggest that floating beads of gellan can be used to incorporate antibiotics like clarithromycin and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach against H. pylori.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  18. Fulltext A Time-Domain NMR Study of the State of Water in Wet Granules with Different Fillers and Its Contribution to the Wet Granulation Process and to the Characteristics of Granules
    Ito T, Okada K, Leong KH, Hirai D, Hayashi Y, Kumada S, et al.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2019;67(3):271-276.
    PMID: 30828004 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00888
    The different states of water incorporated in wet granules were studied by a low-field benchtop 1H-NMR time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) instrument. Wet granules consisting different fillers [cornstarch (CS), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and D-mannitol (MAN)] with different water contents were prepared using a high-speed granulator, and then their spin-spin relaxation time (T2) was measured using the NMR relaxation technique. The experimental T2 relaxation curves were analyzed by the two-component curve fitting, and then the individual T2 relaxation behaviors of solid and water in wet granules were identified. According to the observed T2 values, it was confirmed that the molecular mobility of water in CS and MCC granules was more restricted than that in the MAN granule. The state of water appeared to be associated with the drying efficiency and moisture absorption capacity of wet granules. Thus, it was confirmed that the state of water significantly affected the wet granulation process and the characteristics of the resultant granules. In the final phase of this study, the effects of binders on the molecular mobility of water in granulation fluids and wet granules were examined. The state of water in granulation fluids was substantially changed by changing the binders. The difference was still detected in wet granules prepared by addition of these fluids to the fillers. In conclusion, TD-NMR can offer valuable knowledge on wet granulation from the viewpoint of molecular mobility of water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
  19. Fulltext Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Polyaniline Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Microcapsule Coating on Stainless Steel 316L at Different Deposition Parameters
    Lukman SK, Al-Ashwal RH, Sultana N, Saidin S
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2019;67(5):445-451.
    PMID: 31061369 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00847
    Electrodeposition is commonly used to deposit ceramic or metal coating on metallic implants. Its utilization in depositing polymer microcapsule coating is currently being explored. However, there is no encapsulation of drug within polymer microcapsules that will enhance its chemical and biological properties. Therefore, in this study, ginseng which is known for its multiple therapeutic effects was encapsulated inside biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsules to be coated on pre-treated medical grade stainless steel 316L (SS316L) using an electrodeposition technique. Polyaniline (PANI) was incorporated within the microcapsules to drive the formation of microcapsule coating. The electrodeposition was performed at different current densities (1-3 mA) and different deposition times (20-60 s). The chemical composition, morphology and wettability of the microcapsule coatings were characterized through attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle analyses. The changes of electrolyte colors, before and after the electrodeposition were also observed. The addition of PANI has formed low wettability and uniform microcapsule coatings at 2 mA current density and 40 s deposition time. Reduction in the current density or deposition time caused less attachment of microcapsule coatings with high wettability records. While prolonging either one parameter has led to debris formation and melted microcapsules with non-uniform wettability measurements. The color of electrolytes was also changed from milky white to dark yellow when the current density and deposition time increased. The application of tolerable current density and deposition time is crucial to obtain a uniform microcapsule coating, projecting a controlled release of encapsulated drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods
  20. Microencapsulation of alginate-immobilized bagasse with Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 442: enhancement of survivability and thermotolerance
    Shaharuddin S, Muhamad II
    Carbohydr Polym, 2015 Mar 30;119:173-81.
    PMID: 25563958 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.045
    The aim of this research was to enhance the survivability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 442 against heat exposure via a combination of immobilization and microencapsulation processes using sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sodium alginate (NaA), respectively. The microcapsules were synthesized using different alginate concentration of 1, 2 and 3% and NaA:SB ratio of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:1.5. This beneficial step of probiotic immobilization before microencapsulation significantly enhanced microencapsulation efficiency and cell survivability after heat exposure of 90°C for 30s. Interestingly, the microcapsule of SB-immobilized probiotic could obtain protection from heat using microencapsulation of NaA concentration as low as 1%. SEM images illustrated the incorporation of immobilized L. rhamnosus within alginate matrices and its changes after heat exposure. FTIR spectra confirmed the change in functional bonding in the presence of sugarcane bagasse, probiotic and alginate. The results demonstrated a great potential in the synthesis of heat resistant microcapsules for probiotic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Compounding/methods*
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