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A total of 82 persons have been found to be positive for microfilaria a sub-periodic Brugia malayi out of 1,613 examined in seven villages in Serian District. This represents an average microfilaria infection rate of 5.1% with a range of zero to 10.7%. It is found that males are more predominantly affected than females with a ratio of 3:1. It is also confirmed that Mansonia dives and M. bonneae are possible vectors for the transmission of the disease although Anopheles species cannot be ruled out owing to the small number of specimens examined. The study is confined to areas where indoor DDT spraying has been done since 1960 and only in two of the areas it has been terminated in 1966. Yet to be published data shows higher filaria infection rate than any of these villages.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Fulltext Filariasis of the axilla in a patient returning from travel abroad: a case report

Roethlisberger M, Wuerstlein R, Majores M, Müller-Stöver I, Seitz HM, Rhiem K, et al.

Breast care (Basel, Switzerland), 2012 Dec;7(6):487-9.

PMID: 24715832 DOI: 10.1159/000345471

BACKGROUND: The term filariasis comprises a group of parasitic infections caused by helminths belonging to different genera in the superfamily Filaroidea. The human parasites occur mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, but filariae are also found in temperate climates, where they can infect wild and domestic animals. Humans are rarely infected by these zoonotic parasites.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 55-year-old patient presented with a new-onset, subcutaneous, non-tender palpable mass in the right axilla. Ultrasonography showed a 1.3-cm, solid, singular encapsulated node. Sonography of the breast on both sides, axilla and lymphatic drainage on the left side, lymphatic drainage on the right side, and mammography on both sides were without pathological findings. The node was excised under local anesthesia as the patient refused minimal invasive biopsy.

RESULTS: On histopathological examination, the tail of a parasite of the group of filariae was found. The patient revealed that she had stayed in Africa and Malaysia for professional reasons. 6 months before the time of diagnosis, she had also suffered from a fever and poor general condition after a trip abroad. The patient was referred for further treatment to the Institute for Tropical Medicine at the University of Dusseldorf, where a treatment with ivermectin was conducted on the basis of positive staining with antibodies against filariae.

CONCLUSION: Our case demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between breast center, pathology, and other specialties such as microbiology and tropical medicine.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea

Studies on the transmission of sub-periodic Brugia malayi by Aedes (Finlaya) togoi in the laboratory. I. The intake and migration of microfilariae

Ramachandran CP, Zaini MA

Med J Malaya, 1967 Dec;22(2):136-44.

PMID: 4231979

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/physiology*

A filarial parasite from the flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus)

Ramachandran CP, Ramalingam S, Chelvam MP

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):338-9.

PMID: 4224564

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Studies on the transmission of sub-periodic Brugia malayi by Aedes (Finlaya) togoi in the laboratory. II. The development of the parasite to the infective form; the relationship between concentration of microfilariae in the vertebrate host and infection in the mosquitoes

Ramachandran CP, Zaini MA

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):198-203.

PMID: 4234356

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development*

Studies on Stephanofilaria kaeli in cattle

Ramachandran CP, Loke YW, Hagendrom C

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):344-7.

PMID: 4224357

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Mass treatment of Malayan filariasis in the Gumbasa irrigation area of Central Sulawesi

Putrali J, Kaleb YM, Van Peenen PF, Saroso JS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Jun;6(2):206-10.

PMID: 1166347

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/drug effects*

Ethanol extracts of various helminths in a complement fixation test for eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia)

Pacheco G, Danaraj TJ

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1963 Sep;12(5):745-7.

PMID: 14070764

Sera taken fortnightly from fourteen patients with eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia) were tested by complement fixation with ethanol extracts of Dirofilaria immitis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Gnathostoma procyonis, Fasciola gigantica and Dipylidium caninum. Initially, sera from ten patients had high antibody titers with each of the extracts while antibodies were not detected in sera from the other four; after treatment with diethylcarbamazine the high titers decreased. It is concluded that the reactions obtained with these various extracts do not indicate infection with any particular helminth.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Indirect hemagglutination with extracts of various helminths in eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia)

Pacheco G, Danaraj TJ

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1966 May;15(3):355-8.

PMID: 5938434

Saline extracts of ether-treated Dirofilaria immitis, Ascaris suum, and Ancylostoma spp. were used in indirect hemagglutination tests of serum from 164 patients with a diagnosis of eosinophilic lung and 114 persons with other diseases or no disease (blood donors). In the first group, positive reactions with one, two or all three antigens were obtained in 89 percent of cases and the titers, at medium or high levels in 77 percent, decreased after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. In the other group, antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of only 22 percent of cases and titers usually were low. These observations indicate the presence of several antigen-antibody systems, some of which appear to be specific. With extracts of Dirofilaria the indirect hemagglutination and the complement-fixation tests were similar in sensitivity and specificity, but the results from neither test appeared to indicate infection with a specific worm.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/immunology*

Brugia tupaiae spn. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in tree shrews (Tupaia glis) from Malaysia

Orihel TC

J Parasitol, 1966 Feb;52(1):162-5.

PMID: 5910449

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*; Filarioidea/classification*

Indian cat (Felis indica) as a host to subperiodic Malaysian strain of human Brugia malayi

Murthy PK, Chowdhury TK, Sen AB

J Commun Dis, 1983 Jun;15(2):100-5.

PMID: 6630983

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/pathogenicity*

A preliminary report on the life cycle of Stephanofilaria kaeli

Mullin SW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Mar;2(1):84.

PMID: 5165245

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development*

Tetrapetalonema dunni sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Malaysian tree shrews

Mullin SW, Orihel TC

J Parasitol, 1972 Dec;58(6):1047-51.

PMID: 4641870

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/classification*

New hosts of Waltonella malayensis Petit and Yen, 1979

Mak JW, Yong HS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1981 Dec;12(4):617-8.

PMID: 7344119

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*

Recent advances in diagnostic techniques in filariasis

Lim PK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:45-50.

PMID: 7973946

Accurate diagnosis of human filarial infections still remains a problem for clinicians and co-ordinators of filariasis control programs. Diagnosis of filariasis is based on parasitological, histopathological, clinical and immunological approaches. No significant advances have been made for the first three approaches although some refinements in their use and interpretation of results have occurred. For the immunological approach, intradermal tests and antibody detection assays using crude parasite extracts generally lack specificity and/or sensitivity to discriminate between past and present filarial infections in humans. Antigen detection assays would therefore provide a more accurate indication of active filarial infections. Several monoclonal antibodies to various stages of lymphatic filarial parasites have been developed and appear potentially useful for filarial antigen detection.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Distribution and ecological consideration of Breinlia booliati infecting wild rodents in Malaysia

Liat LB, Wah MJ, Singh M, Ho BC, Hian YE

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Jun;6(2):241-6.

PMID: 1166352

Seven of the 18 species of lowland forest terrestrial and semi-arboreal murids were found naturally infected with Breinlia booliati. Of these, two species, Rattus sabanus and R. cremoriventer, were found to be the most preferred hosts. None of the murids from the highland, field or human-inhabited areas was infected. This could have been due more to the greater scarcity of the vectors in these habitats than to the susceptibility of the hosts. The absence of this parasite in the squirrels examined may be attributed either to host specificity or to the normal activity cycles or vertical stratification of the vectors, separating them in space and/or time from the squirrels. The pattern of dispersion of the parasite is influenced by the wide distribution of suitable hosts, and the hypothesis that the parasite is of forest origin is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/classification; Filarioidea/isolation & purification

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