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VITAMIN A PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN MALAYAN CHILDREN

THOMSON DL, RUIZ E, BAANDKAR M

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1964 Sep;58:425-31.
PMID: 14206699
Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human*
Fulltext Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin B₁ Based on Indirect Competitive ELISA

Azri FA, Sukor R, Selamat J, Abu Bakar F, Yusof NA, Hajian R

Toxins (Basel), 2018 May 11;10(5).
PMID: 29751668 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050196

Mycotoxins are the secondary toxic metabolites produced naturally by fungi. Analysis of mycotoxins is essential to minimize the consumption of contaminated food and feed. In this present work, an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was successfully developed based on an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Various parameters of ELISA, including antigen⁻antibody concentration, blocking agents, incubation time, temperature and pH of reagents, were first optimized in a 96-well microtiter plate to study the antigen⁻antibody interaction and optimize the optimum parameters of the assay. The optimized assay was transferred onto the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan/screen-printed carbon electrode (MWCNTs/CS/SPCE) by covalent attachment with the aid of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Competition occurred between aflatoxin B₁-bovine serum albumin (AFB₁⁻BSA) and free AFB₁ (in peanut sample and standard) for the binding site of a fixed amount of anti-AFB₁ antibody. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis was used for the detection based on the reduction peak of TMB(ox). The developed immunosensor showed a linear range of 0.0001 to 10 ng/mL with detection limit of 0.3 pg/mL. AFB₁ analysis in spiked peanut samples resulted in recoveries between 80% and 127%. The precision of the developed immunosensor was evaluated by RSD values (n = 5) as 4.78% and 2.71% for reproducibility and repeatability, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk/chemistry
The effects of exclusion of dietary egg and milk in the management of asthmatic children: a pilot study

Yusoff NA, Hampton SM, Dickerson JW, Morgan JB

J R Soc Promot Health, 2004 Mar;124(2):74-80.
PMID: 15067979 DOI: 10.1177/146642400412400211

Current understanding of the use of exclusion diets in the management of asthma in children is limited and controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of excluding eggs and milk on the occurrence of symptoms in children with asthma and involved 22 children aged between three and 14 years clinically diagnosed as having mild to moderate disease. The investigation was single blind and prospective, and parents were given the option of volunteering to join the 'experiment' group, avoiding eggs, milk and their products for eight weeks, or the 'control' group, who consumed their customary food. Thirteen children were recruited to the experimental group and nine to the control group. A trained paediatrician at the beginning and end of the study period assessed the children. A seven-day assessment of food intake was made before, during and immediately after the period of dietary intervention in both groups. A blood sample was taken from each child for determination of food specific antibodies and in those children who could do so, the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured. Based on the recommended nutrient intake (RNI), the mean percentage energy intake of the children in the experimental group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the experimental group. After the eight-week study period and compared with baseline values, the mean serum anti-ovalbumin IgG and anti-beta lactoglobulin IgG concentrations were statistically significantly reduced (p < 0.05) for both in the experimental group. In contrast, the values for anti-ovalbumin IgG in the control group were significantly increased and those for anti-beta lactoglobulin IgG were practically unchanged. The total IgE values were unchanged in both groups. Over the study period, the PEFR in those children in the experimental group able to perform the test was significantly increased, but no such change was noted in the children in the control group who could do the test. These results suggest that even over the short time period of eight weeks, an egg- and milk-free diet can reduce atopic symptoms and improve lung function in asthmatic children.
Study site: Outpatient Department, Royal County Hospital and the Frimley Children’s Centre, United Kingdom

Matched MeSH terms: Milk/adverse effects*; Milk Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
A follow-up study on the effects of a milk supplement on bone mineral density of postmenopausal Chinese women in Malaysia

Ting GP, Tan SY, Chan SP, Karuthan C, Zaitun Y, Suriah AR, et al.

J Nutr Health Aging, 2007 Jan-Feb;11(1):69-73.
PMID: 17315084

A previous study on a randomized controlled trial in 173 postmenopausal Chinese women in Kuala Lumpur showed that milk supplementation was effective to reduce bone loss at the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip compared to the control group on a usual diet (Chee et al. 2003).

Matched MeSH terms: Milk*
Effects of dry cow intramammary therapy on quarter infections in the dry period

Hassan Z, Daniel RC, O'Boyle D, Frost AJ

Vet Rec, 1999 Nov 27;145(22):635-9.
PMID: 10619609

Quarter milk samples were taken from 150 cows from three dairy farms in south-east Queensland at drying off, two, four and six weeks after drying off, at calving, and one, two and three weeks after calving. In each of the herds, the cows were randomly allocated to three groups of approximately equal size. One group had all the quarters of all the cows treated at drying off with a dry cow antibiotic infusion containing cloxacillin; the second group was given no treatment, and the third group had selected quarters treated on the basis of their high activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase at drying off. Dry cow treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the number of infected quarters at two and four weeks after drying off, so that the comprehensively treated group had significantly less infected quarters at these times (P<0.02). Twelve dinical cases of mastitis were detected two weeks after drying off in the untreated groups, 10 in the untreated quarters of the selectively treated groups, and no cases in the comprehensively treated groups. These cases were due mainly to Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. The number of infected untreated quarters increased markedly between drying off and two weeks later, but in all three groups there was a marked decrease in the number of infected quarters between six weeks after drying off and calving, suggesting that the mammary glands were more able to overcome infections at this time.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk/enzymology; Milk/microbiology
Fulltext First report of Suidasia pontifica (Acari : Acaridae) in milk powder

Ho TM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1996 Dec;27(4):853-4.
PMID: 9253898
Matched MeSH terms: Milk/parasitology*
Fulltext HIV transmission through breast milk: the science behind the understanding of current trends and future research

Prameela KK

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):644-51.
PMID: 23770969 MyJurnal

Breastmilk protects the infant from many diseases and many short- term and long- term benefits accrue. At the same time it is also known that breastfeeding acts as a vehicle for some infective agents. It is now accepted that breastmilk transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus- 1 (HIV-1) is an important mode of paediatric infection . Despite this fact, many researchers have observed that corresponding to the volume of milk consumed by the infant, maternal transmission via breastmilk is still comparatively low. Some have noted the long latency period of breastmilk HIV transmission with evidence of numerous anti-HIV factors in breastmilk. Although there are accepted standard guidelines on infant feeding in mothers who are HIV positive in many countries, it maybe equally important to realize gaps in our knowledge of mother- to -child HIV transmission. From an evolutionary perspective, the role of the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and of breastmilk , in contributing to and possibly in influencing HIV-1 transmission is intriguing. The presence of HIV-1 or of other viruses in maternal milk seem to be a requisite to spur immunological defenses to optimize necessary protection to the infant. This article reviews some aspects of the science of HIV transmission through breastmilk and reflects the concept -based understanding of current policies on HIV and breastfeeding. At the same time, it highlights uncertainties in this field and the urgency for future research in this direction. Accepting current notions of breastmilk HIV transmission, greater deliberation by research may throw more light on why breastfeeding with its abundant advantages is fraught with the hazards of transmission of a deadly disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human
Fulltext Breastfeeding--anti-viral potential and relevance to the influenza virus pandemic

Prameela KK

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Jun;66(2):166-9; quiz 170.
PMID: 22106709

Essential nutritive and immunological ingredients abundantly present in breastmilk make it the choice infant nutrition. The uniqueness of mother's milk, in contrast to most therapeutics and immunizations, lies in its potential to adapt itself to the requirements of the infant so that timely immune defenses are tapped from its constituents by immune regulation, modulation and immune acceleration to stimulate novel substances; these render it pertinent as defense when faced with challenging organisms. While it is appreciated that immunity can be transferred from mother to infant through breastmilk following maternal influenza vaccination, the immense benefits conferred by breastfeeding per se during influenza pandemics may not be fully valued. This is substantiated by debates and ambiguities for continued breastfeeding in the face of maternal influenza infections. This article emphasises the utmost importance of breastfeeding in viral pandemics in the light of the changing immunological strategies used by viruses at different times and the urgent need for such opportune defenses. The prolific interaction of its constituents is frequently understated as enormous advantages to the suckling infant.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human/immunology*
Fulltext Mucosal and serum alkaline phosphatase activities in milk allergy

Iyngkaran N, Yadav M, Boey CG

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Mar;50(1):21-4.
PMID: 7752971

The effect of cow's milk protein (CMP) challenge on the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the upper jejunal mucosa and the serum were studied in 25 infants clinically suspected to have cow's milk allergy. Following CMP provocation 3 groups were identified. Group 1 consisted of 10 infants who had clinical and histological reaction to CMP challenge. All 10 infants had significant depletion in the levels of tissue and serum ALP. Group 2 consisted of 5 infants who had histological reaction but no clinical reaction. Tissue ALP was depressed in 3 but not in 2 following CMP challenge. Serum ALP were essentially unaltered in all 5. Group 3 consisted of 10 infants who clinically and histologically tolerated CMP challenge. Tissue and serum ALP were not depressed in any. Estimation of sucrase levels in the mucosa and xylose absorption before and after CMP challenge were also performed for comparison with changes of tissue and serum ALP levels. The clinical significance of the changes in serum ALP level is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk; Milk Hypersensitivity/enzymology*
Fulltext Recent developments in breastfeeding

Jelliffe DB

Med J Malaysia, 1986 Mar;41(1):59-63.
PMID: 3796352

Recent developments in breastfeeding are reviewed in relation to species-specific adaptive suckling and the level of maturity of the newborn. Scientific advantages and advances are noted concerning biochemistry, protective substances, emotional differences, child spacing and economics. The significance of unimpaired maternal reflexes and the need for information is stressed with regard to successful lactation and as common causes of inadequacy. The components needed in varying degrees, in breastfeeding programmes are mentioned briefly.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human/metabolism
Fulltext Transudation of immunoglobulins into duodenal juice of infants with cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy

Yadav M, Iyngkaran N

Med J Malaysia, 1982 Sep;37(3):239-44.
PMID: 7177005

Eighteen infants clinically suspected to be intolerant of cow's milk were placed on a milk-free formula and six to eight weeks later were orally challenged with cow's milk. Following challenge three groups were recognised. Group A: Four infants tolerated oral feeds ofcow's milk and lacked mucosal abnormality or clinical symptoms. Group B: Seven infants had mucosal deterioration but lacked clinical symptoms and tolerated cow's milk. Group C: Seven infants had mucosal abnormality, developed clinical symptoms and were intolerant of cow's milk. The intestinal transudation of IgA was increased in Group A and unchanged in Group Band C : the IgM levels in the duodenal juice was increased in Group A and B but unchanged in Group C : the IgG levels in the juice were increased in all Groups following challenge. It appears that increased transmission of IgA and IgM or IgM alone in the duodenal juice is associated with lack of development of clinical symptoms. Symptoms are present in infants in whom the IgA and IgM levels in duodenal juice remained unchanged after challenge. It is suggested that patients responding to cow's millt challenge with intestinal production of IgA and IgM (or IgM alone) are able to counter balance the deleterious mechanisms leading to clinical cow's milk intolerance whereas those who, for some unknown reason, do not mount a secretory immune response become ill.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk Proteins/immunology*
Fulltext Absence of milk-specific IgE in infants with cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy

Yadav M, Iyngkaran N, Seow IKG

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Dec;38(4):266-71.
PMID: 6599980

Infants, one to 56-weeks-old, presenting with persistent diarrhoea were placed on a diet free of cow's milk protein which improved their clinical condition. Six weeks later, 67 infants were challenged with a low-lactose cow's milk formula and jejunal biopsy was taken before and 24-hours after challenge. On the basis of histological changes in the intestinal mucosa and development of clinical symptoms the infants were categorised into three groups: Group 1 (n = 16) with no clinical or mucosal abnormality, Group 2 (n = 20) with mucosal abnormality but lacking clinical symptoms, and Group 3 (n 31) with manifestation of mucosal abnormality and clinical symptoms. In addition to the total IgE the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was performed on sera from the infants taken before and after milk provocation. The mean total serum IgE level ranged from 288 to 560 IU/ml. In Groups 2 and 3 the prechallenge serum IgE levels were significantly higher than the postchallenge levels but in Group 1 the levels remained unchanged on challenge. A positive RAST to milk proteins was observed in five infants (7.4%), that is, one in Group 2 and four in Group 3, of 67 infants studied. In a survey of 405 consecutive paediatric-age patients admitted for a variety of symptoms, 90 were positive for RAST specific for milk proteins. Interestingly the majority of the patients positive for RAST presented with gastrointestinal ailments. The measurement of specific IgE appears not to be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of CMPSE in Malaysian children.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk Proteins/adverse effects*; Milk Proteins/immunology
Fatty liver in a two days old neonate

Arivalagan P, Husain MS, Subramaniam K, Kaslan MRM

Med J Malaysia, 2019 Oct;74(5):454-455.
PMID: 31649231

Neonatal death due to inborn error of metabolism (IEM) is rare in Malaysia. We report a sudden neonate death just a few hours after being discharged from the hospital. The deceased was a two-day-old baby boy and was asymptomatic until his demise. He was fed with expressed breast milk and formula milk. Autopsy revealed fatty changes of the liver and an enlarged heart. Laboratory investigation confirmed very long chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency which resulted in his death. Autopsy of sudden unexpected death in neonate should include investigation for inborn error of metabolism. Fatty liver and enlarged heart could give a clue for the diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human
Breastfeeding during breast milk jaundice - a pathophysiological perspective

Prameela KK

Med J Malaysia, 2019 12;74(6):527-533.
PMID: 31929480

INTRODUCTION: Exclusive breastfeeding for the initial six months of life is crucial and it is recommended . Breast milk jaundice is an innocuous condition that occurs in some healthy, breastfed infants. However, the potential dangers of jaundice in the neonate such as bilirubin induced neuronal pathology, mandates a better understanding of the pathophysiology of breast milk jaundice and the impact of breastfeeding during jaundice. In this context , advice on continued breastfeeding must consider both the benefits of breastfeeding and the possible disadvantages of the jaundice.
METHODS: Reviewing literature and integrating relevant information facilitated the appraisal of this important topic. This article reviewed neonatal jaundice, the entry of bilirubin into the immature brain and how breastfeeding may impact jaundice in the neonate.
RESULTS: While some substances in breast milk may be responsible for jaundice on the one hand, there is an irrefutable spectrum of advantages conferred by continued breastfeeding, on the other. As the breastfed infant benefits from fewer infections, enhanced organ and physiological barrier maturity, as well as the prospect of genetic modification of certain diseases, these useful actions could also reduce risks of early jaundice and its complications.
DISCUSSION: An exciting field for further research, holistic integration of knowledge clarifies both the overall advantages of breastfeeding and wisdom of its continued counsel. In fact, breast milk jaundice may reflect a holistic expression of tissue protection and enhanced neonatal survival.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human/metabolism
Fulltext Contaminated milk is a common cause of necrotising enterocolitis: A hypothesis

Boo NY

Malays J Pathol, 2016 Dec;38(3):223-227.
PMID: 28028291 MyJurnal

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is the most commonly acquired gastrointestinal disease of neonates, particularly the very preterm (gestation <32 weeks) and/or very low birth weight (<1500g). It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite improvement in neonatal care and increased use of expressed breast milk (EBM), the incidence remains high in many neonatal intensive care units (NICU), and even shows increasing trend in some countries. Numerous studies have pointed to the infective nature of NEC. Some investigators have reported an increase in the incidence of NEC in their NICU when the percentage of infants with pathogens isolated from their gut increased, and decreased when gut colonisation rate was low. Both bacteria and viruses have been reported to be associated with outbreaks of NEC. The majority (>90%) of the NEC cases occurred in neonates on enteral feeding. Studies have shown that milk (whether EBM or formula) fed to neonates was not sterile and were further contaminated during collection, transport, storage and/or feeding. Other investigators have reported a reduction in the incidence of NEC when they improved infection control measures and hygienic procedures in handling milk. It is, therefore, hypothesised that the most common cause of NEC is due to the feeding of neonates, particularly the vulnerable very preterm small neonates, with milk heavily contaminated during collection at source, transport, storage and/or feeding. Because of the immaturity of the immune system of the neonates, excessive inflammatory response to the pathogen load in the gut leads to the pathogenesis of NEC.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human/microbiology*
Fulltext Comparison between the Effect of Soybean and Goat's Milk on Tumor-Marker Enzyme Activities During Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats

Rahmat A, Seam CK, Endrini S, Mansor SM

Malays J Med Sci, 2001 Jan;8(1):41-5.
PMID: 22973155

Milk is a physiological fluid which has high nutritional value and soybean has strong antioxidant characteristics which is believed to inhibit carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of soybean and goat's milk on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats (fed with diethylnitrosamine; DEN and acetylaminofluorene; AAF) by determining the activities of plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Thirty-six rats from the species Sprague-Dawley were divided into 6 groups : control, DEN/AAF, soybean, DEN/AAF with soybean treatment, goat's milk and DEN/AAF with goat's milk treatment. Soybean and goat's milk administrations were given 5 ml/day. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks and the blood was collected. Treatment with DEN/AAF caused an increase in ALP and GGT levels and a decrease in weight significantly (p<0.05). ALP and GGT activities decreased significantly after administration of soybean and goat's milk (p<0.05). Administration of goat's milk and soybean alone did not cause any changes in the enzyme activities. Comparison between the effect of soybean and goat's milk in reducing the enzyme activities (ALP and GGT) did not give significant values (p>0.05). However, a decrease in weight was observed in the rats given soybean as well as goat's milk. The results obtained suggested that soybean and goat's milk may work as anti cancer agents in hepatocarcinogenesis although further studies are required to further elucidate this aspect.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk
Fulltext Dietary Polyphenol Intake Associated with Adiposity Indices among Adults from Low to Medium Socioeconomic Status in a Suburban Area of Kuala Lumpur: A Preliminary Findings

Rosli H, Kee Y, Shahar S

Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Nov;26(6):67-76.
PMID: 31908588 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.7

Background: Researches on polyphenols have been the interest of few parties due to its possible roles in the prevention of obesity. However, studies regarding this topic are still limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between the intake of polyphenols with adiposity indices among middle-aged adults.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 227 adults aged 40 to 59 years at low-cost housing flats in suburban area of Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Data collection involved food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for polyphenols and international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Subjects were measured for anthropometric parameters including height, weight, waist and neck circumferences (NC), and body fat percentage. The polyphenol intake from the diet was estimated using local polyphenol database built according to PHENOL-EXPLORER.
Results: The average intake of polyphenol of subjects was 1815 (672) mg/day. The main food sources of polyphenol were coffee with milk, followed by chocolate milk and red beans. A higher polyphenol intake according to quartile was significantly associated with a lower neck circumference (χ2 = 8.30, P = 0.040), waist circumference (χ2 = 8.45, P = 0.038) and body fat percentage (χ2 = 8.06, P = 0.045). Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that the association remained significant for the neck circumference (P = 0.032), after controlling for age, household income, energy intake and physical activity level. More subjects with normal NC had higher intake of polyphenols (50th percentile and above). In contrast, subjects with high NC showed lower percentiles of polyphenols intake (50th percentile and below).
Conclusion: The result showed that polyphenol intake was associated with neck circumference and thus it can be suggested that polyphenol intake is associated with obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk
Fulltext The Availability of Information on Induced Lactation in Malaysia

Rahim NCA, Sulaiman Z, Ismail TAT

Malays J Med Sci, 2017 Aug;24(4):5-17.
PMID: 28951685 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.4.2

Induced lactation is a method of stimulating the production of breast milk in women who have not gone through the process of pregnancy. Recent advances in technology have given such women the opportunity to breastfeed adopted children. Previous studies conducted in Western countries have explored the breastfeeding of adopted children, as well as the experiences, successes and challenges of this process. However, research on procedures for breastfeeding adopted children is lacking in Malaysia. The authors have therefore reviewed literature related to induced lactation in Malaysia to fill this gap. Of the 30 related articles identified, 19 described the breastfeeding practices and experiences of adoptive mothers in Malaysia. Out of 19 articles, there were four journal articles, five circulars and regulations, two books, two post-graduate theses, four blogs posts and forum discussions, and two online newspaper articles. Medical information relating to induced lactation procedures was also reviewed, showing that there was a lack of scientific studies focusing on induced lactation practices among adoptive mothers. Information on religious, specifically Islamic, perspectives on breastfeeding and child adoption laws was gathered from websites, social networks, blogs, magazines and online news sources. In consideration of recent advancements in medical technology and the dire need among Malaysians, it is crucial that evidence-based, accurate and reliable information on induced lactation is made available to professionals and other individuals in this country.

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human
Fulltext Non-nutritive sucking (nns) and pain response among neonatal

Lia Herliana, Yanti Cahyati

The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 2019;10(4):83-87.
MyJurnal

Pain is a sensation that is difficult to remember. Pain exposure is a stimulus that can damage the development of the baby's brain and contribute to learning disorders and behavior in childhood. Therefore nursing intervention is needed that can reduce the pain response in infants, especially during hospital treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) and ASI (Air Susu Ibu or Breast Milk) on oral responses to acute pain in the neonate when invasive actions were performed. The benefits of research as evidence-based practiced about administering NNS and ASI orally to pain responses in neonates when experiencing pain. The research design uses experimental nonequivalent control group before and after design. The population of all neonates admitted to Dr. Soekardjo Tasikmalaya, with a total sample of 30 respondents consisting of 15 ASI respondents and 15 respondents for the NNS group. Pain assessments instruments CRIES (Crying, Requiring an increase in oxygen, Increased vital sign, Expression, Sleeplessness) was applied. Data analysis used non parametric tests Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon. The results of the study showed no significant differences in pain response before and after the intervention (p-value 0.236). It was suggested that nurses can improve health education for parents to be able to provide breastfeeding during treatment, especially when the baby receives invasive action

Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human
Precocious puberty after surgery for craniopharyngioma

Yadav M, Nagappan N, Iyngkaran N

J Pediatr, 1980 Mar;96(3 Pt 1):515-6.
PMID: 7359251
Matched MeSH terms: Milk, Human/immunology*

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