Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 223 in total

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  1. Cheilospirura species (gizzard worm) infection in battery-caged commercial layer chickens
    Ganapathy K, Sharma RS
    Vet Rec, 2003 Dec 6;153(23):716-7.
    PMID: 14690078
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/etiology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/pathology
  2. Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses in Vietnam
    Choi KS, Kye SJ, Kim JY, To TL, Nguyen DT, Lee YJ, et al.
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2014 Jan;46(1):271-7.
    PMID: 24061688 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0475-3
    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry in Southeast Asia. In the present study, 12 field isolates of NDV were recovered from dead village chickens in Vietnam between 2007 and 2012, and were characterized. All the field isolates were classified as velogenic. Based on the sequence analysis of the F variable region, two distinct genetic groups (Vietnam genetic groups G1 and G2) were recognized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 12 field isolates fell into the class II genotype VII cluster. Ten of the field isolates, classified as Vietnam genetic group G1, were closely related to VIIh viruses that had been isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Cambodia since the mid-2000s, while the other two field isolates, of Vietnam genetic group G2, clustered with VIId viruses, which were predominantly circulating in China and Far East Asia. Our results indicate that genotype VII viruses, especially VIIh viruses, are predominantly responsible for the recent epizootic of the disease in Vietnam.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry/genetics; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/virology
  3. Fulltext Pre-enrichment effect on PCR Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in artificially-contaminated raw chicken meat
    Mohd Afendy, A.T., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2571-2575.
    MyJurnal
    Salmonella remains to be a major foodborne pathogen for animals and humans and is the
    leading cause of foodborne infections and outbreaks in various countries. Salmonella Enteritidis
    is one of the most frequently isolated serotypes in poultry and poultry products from human
    food poisoning cases. It can cause mild to acute gastroenterititis as well as other common
    food poisoning symptoms when infection takes place in human. Nucleic acid amplification
    technologies such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a tool that is rapid and sensitive
    for detection of bacterial pathogen. We report the successful detection of S. Enteritidis by
    PCR in raw chicken meat artificially-contaminated with serial concentration of S. Enteritidis
    using crude DNA extracts as DNA template. PCR primers, ENT-F and ENT-R targeted on sdfI
    gene were used to amplify DNA region unique to S. Enteritidis with crude DNA extract of the
    samples, yielded product with the size of 303 bp. These primers were specific to S. Enteritidis
    when tested by in-silico simulation against genome database of targeted bacterial species and
    confirmed in PCR as amplification bands were observed with S. Typhimurium, S. Polarum and
    S. Gallinarum. The established PCR can detect as few as 9.4 X 101
    CFU/ml of inoculated S.
    Enteritidis concentration and proved that pre-enrichment effect have significant effect on PCR
    detection by increasing 1000-fold of the sensitivity limit compared to the non pre-enriched
    samples. The PCR technique indicated that it can be successfully coupled with pre-enrichment
    step to offer advantage in routine screening and surveillance of bacterial contamination in food
    samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Products
  4. Helminth parasites of gallus domesticus L. in Penang island
    Khairul Anuar A, Khamis S
    Med J Malaysia, 1978 Dec;33(2):186-92.
    PMID: 755174
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/parasitology*
  5. A microfilaria from a domestic fowl in Rantau Panjang, Selangor State, West Malaysia
    Dissanaike AS, Fernando MA, Poopalachelvam M
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1974 Sep;5(3):457.
    PMID: 4432108
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry/parasitology*
  6. Fulltext The empirical evaluation of productivity growth and efficiency of LSEs in the Malaysian food processing industry
    Yodfiatfinda, Mad Nasir, S., Zainalabidin, M., Md Ariff, H., Zulkornain, Y., Alias, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):287-295.
    MyJurnal
    This study investigates productivity growth and efficiency of Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in the
    Malaysian food processing industry. Malmquist productivity index of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed to five-digit panel data for the period of 2000-2006. The findings suggest that average Technical Efficiency (TE) of the LSEs was 0.683 during the period of observation, which indicates that the industries are able to expand their output as much as 31.7 percent by using the same level of inputs. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth was positive at 7.3 percent, which is contributed by a Technical Efficiency Change (EFCH) of 4.3 percent and Technological Change (TECH) of 3.0 percent. Sub industries of manufacturing alcohol and wine as well as the processing and preserving of meat and meat products shows the highest productivity growth at 84.8 percent and 47.5 percent respectively. On the other hand, the sub industries of processing and preserving poultry and poultry products together with the manufacturing of chocolate are those which have the lowest TFP growth at -30.5percent and -14.8 percent respectively. The significant determinants of the productivity growth, with a positive relationship are public infrastructure, IT expenditure and foreign ownership, while energy price is the determinant with a negative relationship. The main contributor to the TFP growth of the LSEs in the Malaysian food processing industry is EFCH, however, the LSEs can also improve the TFP growth by moving forward the production frontier as well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Products
  7. Fulltext Assessing the competitiveness and comparative advantage of broiler production in Johor using policy analysis matrix
    Elsedig, E.A.A., Mohd, M.I., Fatimah, M.A
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(1):116-121.
    MyJurnal
    Malaysian poultry policy aims to provide remunerative prices for producers and to guarantee a steady supply of poultry products at stable and affordable prices to consumers. Broiler meat is the most important and the cheapest protein source in Malaysia and trade protection could stimulate the local industry and enhance food security. The study attempts to evaluate the competitiveness and comparative advantage of three different scales of broiler production in Johor using policy analysis matrix (PAM). The existing protection and the level of comparative advantage are ascertained through PAM indicators. The results show that Malaysia has strong competitiveness position in every scale of broiler production especially the largest scale. But, the protection through import curtailment resulted in higher domestic prices than the world price. To increase competitiveness, the broiler industry should reduce the dependence on expensive and unstable cost of corn based feed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Products
  8. Nematode parasites of Oceanica. VII. New records from wild and domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) from Palawan (Philippine Islands), Sabah (Malaysia), and Taiwan
    Schmidt GD, Kuntz RE
    Avian Dis, 1970 Feb;14(1):184-7.
    PMID: 5461569
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  9. Molecular Characterization of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Malaysia during 2014-2016
    Leow BL, Syamsiah Aini S, Faizul Fikri MY, Muhammad Redzwan S, Khoo CK, Ong GH, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2018 Dec 01;35(4):1092-1106.
    PMID: 33601856
    Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease which can cause huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Forty five IB viruses (IBV) were isolated from poultry in Malaysia during 2014-2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike glycoprotein 1 (S1) gene revealed that all isolates were clustered into five distinct groups. The predominant type of IBV isolated was QX strains (47%), second was 4/91 type (27%), followed by Malaysian strain MH5365/95 (13%), Massachusetts type (11%) and finally Taiwanese strains (2%). Four types of S1 protein cleavage recognition motifs were found among the isolates which includes HRRRR, RRSRR, RRFRR and RRVRR. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the motif RRVRR and are unique to Malaysian strains. Six IBVs were grouped in Malaysian MH5365/95 strains. Among these, one isolate was different from others where it only shared 82% identity with MH5365/95 and to others. It formed its own branch in the Malaysian cluster suggesting it may be a variant unique to Malaysia. Alignment analysis of the S1 amino acid sequences indicated that point mutations, insertions and deletions contribute to the divergence of IB variants. This study indicated at least five groups of IBV are circulating in Malaysia with most of the isolates belonged to QX strains. As new IBV variants continue to emerge, further study need to be carried out to determine whether the current available vaccine is able to give protection against the circulating virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Diseases
  10. Helminthic parasites in indigenous chickens in Penang Island, Malaysia
    Farah Haziqah MT, Khadijah S
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):896-902.
    PMID: 33612743 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.896
    Indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) is reared for both its meat and eggs. Most consumers prefer the meat probably due to its specific texture and taste. The study was conducted to determine the presence of helminth parasites of 240 indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) obtained randomly from 12 divisions in Penang Island, Malaysia. Necropsy findings revealed 14 endoparasite species which parasitized these chickens namely, Acuaria hamulosa, Acuaria spiralis, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Brachylaima sp., Capillaria spp., Gongylonema ingluvicola, Heterakis gallinarum, Hymenolepis sp., Oxyspirura mansoni, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Syngamus trachea and Tetrameres americana. The high abundance of helminth species observed in this study may be attributed to the free-range scavenging production system, where these indigenous chickens were exposed to intermediate or paratenic hosts of helminths which infect poultry. Besides, sustainable methods of helminthic control measure are necessary in order to enhance indigenous chicken production and eventually improve the economy of the rural farmers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/parasitology*
  11. Identification of Newcastle Disease Virus sub-genotype VII 1.1 isolated from chickens in Sabah, Malaysia
    Syamsiah Aini S, Leow BL, Faizul Fikri MY, Muhammad Redzwan S, Faizah Hanim MS
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):579-586.
    PMID: 36602219 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.015
    Newcastle disease (ND) is an extremely contagious and fatal viral disease causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Following recent ND outbreaks in Sabah in commercial poultry and backyard farms, it was speculated that this could be due to a new introduction of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) genotype/sub-genotype. Here we report the genetic characterization of NDVs isolated from Sabah during early 2021. All isolates were amplified and sequenced with primers specific to the viral fusion (F) gene using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the F gene showed that all isolates shared similar homology of 99.4% with NDV strain from Iran isolated in 2018. Amino acid sequences of the F protein cleavage site revealed the motif of 112RRQKRF117 indicating all isolates were of virulent strain. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all isolates were clustered under sub-genotype VII 1.1 and clustered together with isolates from Iran (previously known as subgenotype VIIl). The present findings suggested that there is an emerging of a new sub-genotype into the poultry population in Sabah and this sub-genotype has never been reported before in Malaysia. Therefore, transboundary monitoring and continuous surveillance should be implemented for proper control and prevention of the disease. A further molecular epidemiological analysis of NDV is needed to well understand the circulatory patterns of virulent strains of NDV in the country to prevent future outbreaks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry/genetics
  12. Detection of Eimeria oocysts in chicken feces using flotation recovery with sucrose or saturated saline solution
    Takano A, Morinaga D, Teramoto I, Hatabu T, Kido Y, Kaneko A, et al.
    Acta Parasitol, 2025 Jan 09;70(1):17.
    PMID: 39789311 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00960-6
    PURPOSE: Flotation methods are widely used to detect oocysts/cysts of protozoans and eggs of helminths, except trematodes. However, details regarding the concentration and recovery rates of these parasites are poorly understood.

    METHODS: Using Eimeria tenella oocysts as a model parasite, the present study evaluated three check points: (1) the proportion of parasites that remain floating in flotation solution (sucrose or saturated saline) during centrifugation, (2) the proportion of oocysts that naturally float after addition of flotation solution after centrifugation, and (3) the rate of recovery on cover slips after completion of the flotation protocol.

    RESULTS: After centrifugation in sucrose solution and saturated saline solution, 82.4% and 60.3% of oocysts floated, respectively. After addition of flotation solution after the final centrifugation step, the recovery rates for oocysts that naturally floated again for 30 min in sucrose and saturated saline were 39.2% and 38.2%, respectively. The recovery rate on cover slips as the final step after performing a commonly used flotation method was 36.4% in sucrose solution (the rate for saturated saline solution could not be assessed due to rapid crystallization).

    CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that floating oocysts could have become dispersed by the addition of flotation solution, and not all of these oocysts remained floating after an additional 30 min of settling time although collection on cover slips could be effective for accurate recovery.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/parasitology
  13. Molecular characterisation of novel reassortants of the G57 genotype of low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus isolated from poultry farms in Malaysia
    Gunasekara E, Hair-Bejo M, Aini I, Omar AR
    Arch Virol, 2024 Dec 07;170(1):3.
    PMID: 39644390 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06159-4
    In late 2017, Malaysia reported repeated outbreaks of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) H9N2 infections in commercial poultry flocks. Two H9N2 viruses, A/chicken/Malaysia/Negeri Sembilan/UPM994/2018 and A/chicken/Malaysia/Johore/UPM2033/2019, which were isolated from breeder and layer flocks in Peninsular Malaysia, were characterised in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both viruses were multiple-genotype reassortant strains with genes originating from Y280-like (HA gene), F/98-like (NS, NP and PA), G1-like (M and PB2), and Korean-like (PB1) lineages, indicating that they belong to a novel genotype that is divergent from the G57 lineage of Chinese origin. Both isolates were predicted to have a dibasic cleavage site (333-PSRSSRGLF-341) in the HA gene cleavage locations. Thus, the novel Malaysian H9N2 strain is a Y280-like virus resembling H9N2 isolates from Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, and Cambodia. This virus is of the G57 lineage but has a novel genotype of the PB1 gene originating from a Korean-lineage H9N2 virus, which has not been detected before in the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry/virology
  14. An updated review of avian-origin Tembusu virus: a newly emerging avian Flavivirus
    Zhang W, Chen S, Mahalingam S, Wang M, Cheng A
    J Gen Virol, 2017 Oct;98(10):2413-2420.
    PMID: 28874226 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000908
    Tembusu virus (TMUV, genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) was first isolated in 1955 from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In April 2010, duck TMUV was first identified as the causative agent of egg-drop syndrome, characterized by a substantial decrease in egg laying and depression, growth retardation and neurological signs or death in infected egg-laying and breeder ducks, in the People's Republic of China. Since 2010, duck TMUV has spread to most of the duck-producing regions in China, including many of the coastal provinces, neighbouring regions and certain Southeast Asia areas (i.e. Thailand and Malaysia). This review describes the current understanding of the genome characteristics, host range, transmission, epidemiology, phylogenetic and immune evasion of avian-origin TMUV and the innate immune response of the host.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/transmission; Poultry Diseases/virology
  15. Prevalence of avian influenza (H9N2) in commercial quail, partridge, and turkey farms in Iran, 2014-2015
    Mehrabadi MHF, Bahonar A, Mirzaei K, Molouki A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Ghafouri SA, et al.
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2018 Mar;50(3):677-682.
    PMID: 29027604 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1438-x
    Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 subtype is endemic in Iran and causes substantial economic loss to the growing poultry industry within the country. In this study, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out to determine the sero-prevalence of H9N2 in several commercial farms between the years 2014 and 2015. The comparison of the mean of serum titers and the ratio of sero-positive birds between all units were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. In 2014, a total of 77 farms (58 turkey farms, 14 quail farms, and 5 partridge farms) and 894 birds (682 turkeys, 154 quails, and 58 partridges) were sampled while in 2015, a total of 69 farms (54 turkey farms, 8 quail farms, and 7 partridge farms) and 856 birds (675 turkeys, 105 quails, and 76 partridges) were sampled. Of that, 52 of 77 sampled farms (67.5%) and 437 of 894 samples (48.9%) were positive for H9N2 in 2014 while. Forty-one of 69 farms (59.4%) and 307 of 856 sera (35.9%) were positive in 2015. Furthermore, the mean titer of partridge farms was significantly lower than that of turkey farms (p  0.05). Our results indicated that H9N2 is circulating in these farms. Since many more such farms are being established for operations, in addition to the threat of emergence and continuous reemergence of the disease in these farms, enhanced veterinary biosecurity measures on farms are required for mitigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/virology
  16. Fulltext Poultry Meat Quality in Relation to Muscle Growth and Muscle Fiber Characteristics
    Ismail I, Joo ST
    Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour, 2017;37(6):873-883.
    PMID: 29725209 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.87
    Variations in the definition of poultry meat quality exist because the quality traits are not solely based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors but also consumers' preference. Appearance quality traits (AQT), eating quality traits (EQT), and reliance quality traits (RQT) are the major factors focused by the consumer before buying good quality of poultry meat. AQT and EQT of poultry meat are controlled by physical and biochemical characteristics of muscle fibers which can be categorized into a total number of fibers (TNF), cross-sectional area of fibers (CSAF), and fiber type composition (FTC). In poultry meat, it has been shown that muscle fiber properties play a key role in meat quality because numerous studies have reported the relationships between quality traits and fiber characteristics. Despite intensive research has been carried out to manipulate the muscle fiber to improve poultry meat quality, demand in a rapid growth of poultry muscle has correlated to the deterioration in the meat quality. The present paper reviews the definition of poultry meat quality, meat quality traits, and variations of meat quality. Also, this review presents recent knowledge underlying the relationship between poultry meat quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry
  17. Fulltext Removal of shells in palm kernel cake via static cling and electrostatic separation
    Norhani Abdullah, Muhamad Akhmal Hakim Roslan, Shuhaimi Mustafa
    Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015;3(1):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm oil industry is limited in its use as a feed ingredient for poultry due to its high fibre and lignin content. The presence of these antinutritive components is the result of shells contaminating the by-product. The nutritive value of PKC has to be improved in order to increase its inclusion rate in poultry diet. In this study, PKC was subjected to a separation method using static cling and electrostatic separation to removethe shells present in PKC. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the separation method with moisture content (8 to 18%), particle size distribution (0.5 to 2.5 mm) and feed rate (20 to 200 g/min) as the independent variables evaluated. According to the regression coefficients and significance of the quadratic polynomial model, the optimum separation parameters were as follows: 13% PKC moisture content;
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry
  18. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Revealed Compromised Chicken Dendritic Cells Function at Early Stage of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection
    Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Farhanah MI, Hiscox AJ, Yeap SK
    Avian Dis, 2019 06 01;63(2):275-288.
    PMID: 31251527 DOI: 10.1637/11936-072418-Reg.1
    Chicken dendritic cells (DCs) have been demonstrated to be susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a causative agent of acute and immunosuppressed disease in young chicks known as infectious bursal disease. Further functional characterization of IBDV-infected DCs of chickens is required to provide a better understanding on the influence of the virus on chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) following very virulent (vv) IBDV infection. Membrane proteins of BM-DCs were extracted and the proteins were further denatured and reduced before performing labeling with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. The differential expression protein profiles were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and later validated using flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The analysis has identified 134 differentially regulated proteins from a total of 283 proteins (cutoff values of ≤0.67, ≥1.5, and ProtScore >1.3 at 95% confidence interval), which produced high-yield membrane fractions. The entry of vvIBDV into the plasma membrane of BM-DCs was observed at 3 hr postinfection by the disruption of several important protein molecule functions, namely apoptosis, RNA/DNA/protein synthesis, and transport and cellular organization, without the activation of proteins associated with signaling. At the later stage of infection, vvIBDV induced expression of several proteins, namely CD200 receptor 1-A, integrin alpha-5, HSP-90, cathepsin, lysosomal-associated membrane protein, and Ras-related proteins, which play crucial roles in signaling, apoptosis, stress response, and antigen processing as well as in secretion of danger-associated proteins. These findings collectively indicated that the chicken DCs are expressing various receptors regarded as potential targets for pathogen interaction during viral infection. Therefore, fundamental study of the interaction of DCs and IBDV will provide valuable information in understanding the role of professional antigen-presenting cells in chickens and their molecular interactions during IBDV infection and vaccination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/genetics; Poultry Diseases/immunology*; Poultry Diseases/virology
  19. Quantitative studies with mh2 reticulo endothelioma virus
    Dhaliwal SS
    Br. J. Cancer, 1959;13:685-692.
    DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1959.76
    When MH2 virus is assayed on the chorioallantoic membrane the result depends very largely on the age of the embryo, the pock count on membranes of embryos aged 10 days being 2½ times that on those 8 days old. This was always much less than that determined in the same strain of day old chicks by the limiting dilution method. Slight adaptation of the virus to egg passage was found but this was lost when the virus was transmitted through chicks. Non reactor eggs were few, and the number decreased markedly with the increasing embryo age, to vanish at age 11 days and over. This work was done while on a grant from the Government of the Federation of Malaya. I am grateful to Professor C. H. Waddington for laboratory facilities and to Dr. J. G. Carr for valuable advice. I am also grateful for the material and facilities provided by the British Empire Cancer Campaign Unit at the A.R.C. Poultry Research Centre. © 1959, The British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research. All rights reserved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry
  20. Fulltext Current status of Blastocystis sp. in animals from Southeast Asia: a review
    Rauff-Adedotun AA, Mohd Zain SN, Farah Haziqah MT
    Parasitol Res, 2020 Nov;119(11):3559-3570.
    PMID: 32951145 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06828-8
    Blastocystis is the most frequently observed eukaryotic gastrointestinal symbiont in humans and animals. Its low host specificity and zoonotic potential suggest that animals might serve as possible reservoirs for transmission. The prevalence and subtype distributions of Blastocystis sp. in animal populations in Southeast Asia, a hotspot for zoonotic diseases, are reviewed. Recommendations for future research aimed at understanding the zoonotic role of Blastocystis are also included. Seven countries have, so far, reported Blastocystis infection in various animals, such as livestock, poultry, companion animals, and non-human primates. Pigs were the most studied animals, and there were records of 100% prevalence in pigs, cattle, and ostriches. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches, twelve Blastocystis sp. subtypes (STs), namely ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST8, ST9, ST10, ST12, and ST14 have been recognised infecting animals of Southeast Asia. ST1 and ST5 were the most frequently identified, and Malaysia observed the most diverse distribution of subtypes. Further investigations on Blastocystis sp. in various animal hosts, using adequate sample sizes and uniform detection methods, are essential for a better understanding of the distribution of this organism. Detailed genome studies, especially on STs shared by humans and animals, are also recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology; Poultry Diseases/parasitology
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