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A metabolomic approach to investigate effects of ocean acidification on a polar microalga Chlorella sp

Tan YH, Lim PE, Beardall J, Poong SW, Phang SM

Aquat Toxicol, 2019 Dec;217:105349.
PMID: 31734626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105349

Ocean acidification, due to increased levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, is known to affect the physiology and growth of marine phytoplankton, especially in polar regions. However, the effect of acidification or carbonation on cellular metabolism in polar marine phytoplankton still remains an open question. There is some evidence that small chlorophytes may benefit more than other taxa of phytoplankton. To understand further how green polar picoplankton could acclimate to high oceanic CO2, studies were conducted on an Antarctic Chlorella sp. Chlorella sp. maintained its growth rate (∼0.180 d-1), photosynthetic quantum yield (Fv/Fm = ∼0.69) and chlorophyll a (0.145 fg cell-1) and carotenoid (0.06 fg cell-1) contents under high CO2, while maximum rates of electron transport decreased and non-photochemical quenching increased under elevated CO2. GCMS-based metabolomic analysis reveal that this polar Chlorella strain modulated the levels of metabolites associated with energy, amino acid, fatty acid and carbohydrate production, which could favour its survival in an increasingly acidified ocean.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/biosynthesis
Oxidative stress and sperm function: A systematic review on evaluation and management

Dutta S, Majzoub A, Agarwal A

Arab J Urol, 2019;17(2):87-97.
PMID: 31285919 DOI: 10.1080/2090598X.2019.1599624

Objective: To review and present the most distinct concepts on the association of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with male reproduction. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to search PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane electronic databases for studies investigating the role of oxidative stress (OS) on sperm function. Results: The literature search yielded 1857 studies, of which 1791 articles were excluded because of irrelevance of data, non-English language, non-human nature or because they were case reports or commentaries. All included studies were reviews (46), meta-analyses (one), original research studies (18) and guideline articles (one). The studies were published between 1984 and 2018. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS are vital for sperm maturation, hyperactivation, capacitation, acrosome reaction, as well as fertilisation. However, a number of endogenous and exogenous causes may induce supra-physiological levels of ROS resulting in lipid peroxidation, sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and consequently infertility. Several laboratory testing methods can be used in infertile men to diagnose OS. Treatment usually involves antioxidant supplementation and, when possible, elimination of the causative factor. Conclusion: OS is an important cause of male factor infertility. Its assessment provides essential information that can guide treatment strategies aimed at improving the male's reproductive potential. Abbreviations: bp: base-pair; CAT: catalase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; MDA: malondialdehyde; MiOXSYS: Male Infertility Oxidative System; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; NAD(PH): nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate); NO: nitric oxide; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; ORP: oxidation-reduction potential; OS: oxidative stress; PKA: protein kinase A; PLA2: phospholipase A2; PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBA: thiobarbituric acid.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
Biochemical composition and fatty acid content of zooplankton from tropical lagoon for larval rearing

Lokman HS

Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys, 1993 Sep-Oct;101(5):253-6.
PMID: 7508281

Zooplankton samples were collected from the indigenous tropical brackish water lagoon during the wet monsoon (January and February 1990) and the dry monsoon (April and May 1990). The dominant copepod species in the zooplankton community comprising of Oithona sp (especially O. nana and O. robusta) accounted for more than 70% of the zooplankton in January and was gradually replaced by other zooplanktonic species later in the dry season. The lipid contents in zooplankton varied from 0.18 to 1.04% wet weight or 1.14 to 5.92% dry weight respectively. The major fatty acid contents of the zooplankton showed high concentration of 14:0, 16:0, 18:1, 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3 especially in the wet season. It also contained high omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid series necessary for the growth of commercial fish larvae. It has a better food value than the normally use food organism, brine shrimp; thus reflecting its potential use as food organism for fish larval rearing.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/analysis*
Fulltext Linum usitatissimum as an antimicrobial agent and a potential natural healer: A review

Ummu Afifah Fadzir, Deny Susanti Darnis, Basma Ezzat Mustafa, Khairani Idah Mokhtar

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2018;13(2):1-8.
MyJurnal

Linum usitatissimum commonly known as flaxseed is one of the oldest crops traditionally cultivated
mainly for its oil purposes. Flaxseed is widely known for its rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. Recently, it has gained considerable interest due to the potential health benefits attributed to its component of metabolites, including its antimicrobial properties. Two main components of flaxseed, the unsaturated fatty acids and lignan, are suggested as the main metabolites that exhibit antimicrobial activities. This paper aims to give an overview on fatty acid and phenolic compound in flaxseed and their possible activities as antimicrobial agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
Mangrovimonas xylaniphaga sp. nov. isolated from estuarine mangrove sediment of Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia

Dinesh B, Furusawa G, Amirul AA

Arch Microbiol, 2017 Jan;199(1):63-67.
PMID: 27506901 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1275-8

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow-orange-pigmented, gliding bacterium, designated as strain ST2L12(T), was isolated from estuarine mangrove sediment from Matang Mangrove Forest, Perak, Malaysia. Strain ST2L12(T) grew at 15-39 °C, pH 6-8 and in 1-6 % (w/v) NaCl. This strain was able to degrade xylan and casein. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed 95.3-92.8 % similarity to members of the genera Mangrovimonas, Meridianimaribacter, Sediminibacter, Gaetbulibacter and Hoppeia. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae. Respiratory quinone present was menaquinone-6 (MK-6), and the DNA G+C content was 38.3 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1, C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH. Moreover, previous genome comparison study showed that the genome of ST2L12(T) is 1.4 times larger compared to its closest relative, Mangrovimonas yunxiaonensis LYYY01(T). Phenotypic, fatty acid, 16S rRNA gene sequence and previous genome data indicate that strain ST2L12(T) represents a novel species of the genus Mangrovimonas in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Mangrovimonas xylaniphaga sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Mangrovimonas xylaniphaga is ST2L12(T) (=LMG 28914(T)=JCM 30880(T)).

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/metabolism; Fatty Acids/chemistry
Seasonal variation of fatty acid content in natural microplankton from the Tumpat coastal waters of the South China Sea

Shamsudin L

Arch Physiol Biochem, 1998 Jul;106(3):253-60.
PMID: 10099722

In the search for better understanding on the nutritional quality of natural tropical plankton, samples were collected from shallow coastal waters facing the South China Sea during the dry monsoon (May-September) and the wet monsoon (November-April) seasons from March 1993 to July 1994. The total fatty acid content of the predominantly phytoplankton communities (25-200 microns sieve nets) varied four to fivefold with the lowest value occurring during the dry monsoon when blue-green became predominant. Saturated fatty acid content (SAFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and total omega 3 (sigma omega 3) showed the same seasonal pattern as the total fatty acid with high values in October to December 1993. When species of the dinoflagellate Peridinium and Ceratium were present in considerable amount, the docosahexaenoic acid DHA content was high, especially from March to May 1993. The maximum content of eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, total omega-3 fatty acid, PUFA and sigma omega 3 in phytoplankton occurred during the pre-monsoon period (October and November 1993) when the diatoms were present in large amounts. The larger fraction sample (> 200 microns sieve nets) which consisted predominantly of zooplankton had high amounts of PUFA from September to November 1993.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/analysis*; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/analysis
Lipid and fatty acid contents in red tides from tropical fish ponds of the coastal water of South China Sea

Shamsudin L

Arch Physiol Biochem, 1996;104(1):36-42.
PMID: 8724878

Microplanktonic red tide blooms (dominated by dinoflagellates) were observed in brackish water fish ponds of Terengganu between March 1992 to January 1993. The first short-lived bloom (2-3 days) occurred in October 1992 while the second long-lived bloom (6-7 days) occurred in January 1993. The dominant dinoflagellate species comprised of Peridinium quinquecorne (> 90% total cell count) with considerable proportion of Protoperidinium excentricum. Ciliophora consisting of Tintinopsis sp. and Favella sp. were also present during the bloom period. The total ash, chlorophyll, phaeopigment, lipid and fatty acid content of the microplankton were studied. Considerable amounts (6-11% of the total fatty acid) of the polyunsaturated fatty acid 18:3w3 (linolenic acid) were present in the microplankton. However, high amounts of 20:5w3 (eicosapentanoic acid) and 22:6w3 (docosahexaenoic acid) were present with variable but usually high amounts of 22:4w6 and 22:5w6 acids. The latter microplankton bloom contained higher amounts of 20:5w3 and 22:6w3 acids than the earlier bloom. Lipid content were three to five times higher than chlorophyll a. There was an increase with successive day after bloom outbreak in the relative proportion of total C18, C20, and C22 fatty acid components. The algae microplankton contained the w3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) probably needed for the growth and survival rate of grazing pond animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/analysis*
The promising roles of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on hepatic lipid metabolism in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models: molecular targets

Zakaria Z, Othman ZA, Nna VU, Mohamed M

Arch Physiol Biochem, 2023 Dec;129(6):1262-1278.
PMID: 34153200 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1939387

Imbalance in hepatic lipid metabolism can lead to an abnormal triglycerides deposition in the hepatocytes which can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Four main mechanisms responsible for regulating hepatic lipid metabolism are fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Controlling the expression of transcription factors at molecular level plays a crucial role in NAFLD management. This paper reviews various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds emphasising mechanisms involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, other important NAFLD pathological features, and their promising roles in managing NAFLD through regulating key transcription factors. Although there are many medicinal plants popularly investigated for NAFLD treatment, there is still little information and scientific evidence available and there has been no research on clinical trials scrutinised on this matter. This review also aims to provide molecular information of medicinal plants in NALFD treatment that might have potentials for future scientifically controlled studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids/metabolism
CYP35 family in Caenorhabditis elegans biological processes: fatty acid synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism, and stress responses

Lim SYM, Alshagga M, Kong C, Alshawsh MA, Alshehade SA, Pan Y

Arch Toxicol, 2022 12;96(12):3163-3174.
PMID: 36175686 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03382-3

With more than 80 cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes found in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), the cyp35 genes are one of the important genes involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and storage, xenobiotic stress response, dauer and eggshell formation, and xenobiotic metabolism. The C. elegans CYP35 subfamily consisted of A, B, C, and D, which have the closest homolog to human CYP2 family. C. elegans homologs could answer part of the hunt for human disease genes. This review aims to provide an overview of CYP35 in C. elegans and their human homologs, to explore the roles of CYP35 in various C. elegans biological processes, and how the genes of cyp35 upregulation or downregulation are influenced by biological processes, upon exposure to xenobiotics or changes in diet and environment. The C. elegans CYP35 gene expression could be upregulated by heavy metals, pesticides, anti-parasitic and anti-chemotherapeutic agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nanoparticles, drugs, and organic chemical compounds. Among the cyp35 genes, cyp-35A2 is involved in most of the C. elegans biological processes regulation. Further venture of cyp35 genes, the closest homolog of CYP2 which is the largest family of human CYPs, may have the power to locate cyps gene targets, discovery of novel therapeutic strategies, and possibly a successful medical regime to combat obesity, cancers, and cyps gene-related diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
Degumming of crude palm oil by membrane filtration

Ong KK, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Baharin BS, Hassan MA

Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 1999 Sep-Nov;27(5-6):381-5.
PMID: 10595436

The application of membrane separation in palm oil refining process has potential for energy and cost savings. The conventional refining of crude palm oil results in loss of oil and a contaminated effluent. Degumming of crude palm oil by membrane technology is conducted in this study. The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of membrane filtration for the removal of phospholipids in the degumming of crude palm oil, including analyses of phosphorus content, carotene content free fatty acids (as palmitic acid), colour and volatile matter. A PCI membrane module was used which was equipped with polyethersulfone membranes having a molecular weight cut off of 9,000 (type ES209). In this study, phosphorus content was the most important parameter monitored. The membrane effectively removed phospholipids resulting in a permeate with a phosphorus content of less than 0.3 ppm The percentage removal of phosphorus was 96.4% and was considered as a good removal. Lovibond colour was reduced from 27R 50Y to 20R 30Y. The percentage removal of carotene was 15.8%. The removal of colour was considered good but the removal of carotene was considered insignificant by the membrane. Free fatty acids and volatile matter were not removed. Typical of membrane operations, the permeate flux decreased with time and must be improved in order to be adopted on an industrial scale. Membrane technology was found to have good potential in crude palm oil degumming. However, an appropriate method has to be developed to clean the membranes for reuse.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/analysis
Fulltext The trans fatty acid content in human milk and its association with maternal diet among lactating mothers in Malaysia

Daud AZ, Mohd-Esa N, Azlan A, Chan YM

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2013;22(3):431-42.
PMID: 23945414 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.3.09

Excessive intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) could reduce the fat density of human milk and impair the desaturation of essential fatty acids. Because the mammary glands are unable to synthesize TFA, it is likely that the TFA in human milk come from dietary intake. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the sources of TFA intake for lactating mothers in one of the urban areas in Selangor. In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric measurements, FFQ including 7 food groups and dietary consumption data were collected from 101 lactating mothers. Five major TFA isomers (palmitoelaidic acid (16:1t9), petroselaidic acid (18:1t6), elaidic acid (18:1t9), vaccenic acid (18:1t11) and linoelaidic acid (18:2t9,12) in human milk were measured by gas chromatography (GC). The relationship between food consumption and TFA levels was assessed using the non-parametric Spearman's rho test. The TFA content in human milk was 2.94±0.96 (SEM) % fatty acid; this is considered low, as it is lower than 4%. The most abundant TFA isomer was linoelaidic acid (1.44±0.60% fatty acid). A sub-experiment (analyzing 3 days of composite food consumption) was conducted with 18 lactating mothers, and the results showed that linoelaidic acid was the most common TFA consumed (0.07±0.01 g/100 g food). Only 10 food items had an effect on the total TFA level and the isomers found in human milk. No association was found between TFA consumption and the TFA level in human milk.

Matched MeSH terms: Trans Fatty Acids/administration & dosage; Trans Fatty Acids/analysis*
Fulltext Palm oil and palm olein frying applications

Ismail R

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2005;14(4):414-9.
PMID: 16326649

Several million tones of palm oil and palm olein are used annually in the world for frying. This paper will discuss their frying performances in three major applications - industrial production of potato chips/crisps, industrial production of pre-fried frozen French fries and in fast food outlets. In the first study, about four tones of potato chips were continuously fried 8 hours a day and five days a week. The palm olein used (with proper management) performed well and was still in excellent condition and usable at the end of the trial. This was reflected in its low free fatty acid (FFA) content of around 0.23%, peroxide value of 4 meq/kg, anisidine value of 16, low polar and polymer contents of 10% and 2%, respectively, induction period (OSI) of 21 hours and high content of tocopehrols and tocotrienols of 530 ppm even after >1900 hours. In the second study in which an average 12 tones pre-fried frozen French fries were continuously fried a day for 5 days a week, palm oil performed excellently as reflected by its low FFA of 0.34%, food oil sensor reading of 1.1, low polar and polymer contents of 17% and 2.8%, respectively, over the 12 days of trial. In the third study in which palm shortening, palm oil and palm olein were simultaneously used to intermittently fry chicken parts in the laboratory simulating the conditions in fast food outlets, the three frying oils also performed very satisfactorily as reflected by their reasonably low FFA of <1%, smoke points of >180 degrees C, and polar and polymer contents of <25% and <6%, respectively, after 5 days of consecutive frying. All the quality indicators did not exceed the maximum discard points for frying oils/fats in the three applications, while the fried food product was well accepted by the in-house train sensory panel using a-nine point hedonic score.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/analysis
Fulltext Nutrition and cardiovascular disease: an Asia Pacific perspective

Khor GL

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1997 Jun;6(2):122-42.
PMID: 24394715

Changes in the dietary intake patterns of countries in the Asia Pacific region are considered in relation to trends of cardiovascular disease mortality. Cardiovascular disease now constitutes the major cause of mortality in many of the countries of the region. The mortality rate for coronary heart disease (CHD) has been on the decline since the mid-1960s in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Japan, while a decline in other countries, including Singapore and Hong Kong, appears to be occurring about two decades later after a delayed increase. In contrast, countries like Malaysia and China have had and continue an upward trend for CHD mortality. Nonetheless, the mortality rates due to CHD in New Zealand, Australia, Singapore followed by Hong Kong rank among the highest in the region. In China, Taiwan and Japan, death due to cerebrovascular disease remains a major cause of death, although the latter two countries have undergone a significant decline in stroke death rates since 1970. The intakes of fat from land animal products, fish and vegetable oils, depending on fatty acid patterns and, possibly other constituents, are candidate contributors to the different atherogenic and thrombotic effects. Countries which have a higher mortality from CHD tend to have a higher intake of energy from fat and proportion of fat from animal products. These fat intakes may operate to increase hypercholesterolemia and overweight in various countries. Again, intakes of other food items and constituents used in the region such as soybeans, dietary antioxidants in fruits, vegetables, seeds, cereals, nuts and tea and alcohol consumption are candidate cardio-protectants. The wide dietary scope of Asia Pacific populations, from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, and at different levels of economic and technological development poses several analytic challenges and opportunities. Future research should improve the datasets and think laterally about pathogenesis and intervention.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
Impact of saturated and trans fatty acid enriched oil blends on atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets

Sundram K, Pathmanathan R, Wong KT, Baskaran G

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1997 Mar;6(1):31-5.
PMID: 24394650

Thirty six-male New Zealand White rabbits subdivided into four dietary groups (9 animals per group) were fed high fat (36% en), cholesterol-free diets for nine months. The dietary oil blends were formulated to contain high levels of the target fatty acids namely trans-rich (partially hydrogenated soybean oil; TRANS), cis monounsaturated-rich (rapeseed, sunflower seed oil and palm olein; MONO), palmitic-rich (palm olein; POL) and lauric-myristic rich (coconut, palm kernel and corn oils; LM). Ad libitum feeding of the rabbits resulted in normal growth throughout the nine months and no differences in the final body weights of the animals were evident at autopsy. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly elevated only by the LM enriched diet compared with all other treatments; values were comparable between the other three treatment groups. Changes in the total cholesterol were not reflected in the VLDL and LDL lipoproteins. However, HDL-cholesterol was significantly lowered by the TRANS diet compared with all other dietary groups. HDL-cholesterol was also significantly increased by the LM diet in comparison to the POL-diet. Both adipose and liver triglyceride fatty acid compositions tended to reflect the type of fatty acids fed the animals. Trans fatty acids were evident only in animals fed the trans diet and it was apparent that the trans fatty acids competed with linoleic acid for incorporation into these tissues. Increased concentrations of lauric and myristic fatty acids in the LM-fed animals were also evident. In the POL and high MONO fed rabbits, palmitic and oleic fatty acids (respectively) were concentrated in the adipose and liver. The diets, however, failed to induce severe atherosclerosis in this study. This can be explained, in part, by the lack of dietary cholesterol and the use of plant (rather than animal) proteins in our dietary formulations. The effect of these important atherosclerosis modulators in association with these fatty acids requires further evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids; Trans Fatty Acids
Modulation of human lipids and lipoproteins by dietary palm oil and palm olein: a review

Sundram K

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1997 Mar;6(1):12-6.
PMID: 24394646

Several human clinical trials have now evaluated palm oil's effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins. These studies suggest that palm oil and palm olein diets do not raise plasma TC and LDL-cholesterol levels to the extent expected from its fatty acid composition. With maximum substitution of palm oil in a Western type diet some coronary heart disease risk factors were beneficially modulated: HDL2-cholesterol was significantly increased while the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio was beneficially lowered by palm oil. Comparison of palm olein with a variety of monounsaturated edible oils including rapeseed, canola, and olive oils has shown that plasma and LDL-cholesterol were not elevated by palm olein. To focus these findings, specific fatty acid effects have been evaluated. Myristic acid may be the most potent cholesterol raising saturated fatty acid. Palmitic acid effects were largely comparable to the monounsaturated oleic acid in normolipidaemic subjects while trans fatty acids detrimentally increased plasma cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein Lp(a) and lowered the beneficial HDL-cholesterol. Apart from these fatty acids there is evidence that the tocotrienols in palm oil products may have a hypocholesterolaemic effect. This is mediated by the ability of the tocotrienols to suppress HMG-CoA reductase. These new findings on palm oil merit a scientific reexamination of the classical saturated fat-lipid hypothesis and its role in lipoprotein regulation.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids; Trans Fatty Acids
Lipidaemic effects of tocotrienols, tocopherols and squalene: studies in the hamster

Khor HT, Chieng DY

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1997 Mar;6(1):36-40.
PMID: 24394651

Syrian Golden hamsters have been widely used as a experimental model for the investigation of the aetiology and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The responses of the hamster to dietary fat manipulations are in many ways similar to that observed in humans. The lipidaemic effect of a tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil on human trials has not been consistent. In this study, the cholesterolaemic effect of tocotrienols and tocopherols were differentiated by using pure tocotrienols (that were isolated from palm oil fatty acid distillate) and pure commercial tocopherols and squalene. A palm oil triacylglycerol fraction (POTG), free of all unsaponifiable matter, was used as the dietary fat in different feeding experiments. Tocotrienols added at 162 ppm to POTG (POTG-T3L) significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum total cholesterol (TC) level as compared to that of the POTG group; but the serum LDL-C , HDL-C and TG levels of the POTG-T3L group were not significantly lower than that of the POTG group (P>0.05). Increasing the level of tocotrienol supplementation to the diet (POTG-T3H) appeared to raise rather then reduce the serum TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels as compared to that of POTG-T3L group. This observation that lower level of tocotrienol supplementation appeared to exhibit stronger hypocholesterolaemic effect than a higher level of tocotrienol supplementation is interesting; but its explanation is not yet forthcoming. When tocopherols were supplemented at 72 ppm to the POTG diet it was observed that the serum TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were all somewhat increased when compared to that of the POTG group. These results suggest that tocotrienols and tocopherols may have opposite cholesterolaemic effects in the hamster, and further experiments need to clarify the mode of action of these vitamin E isomers. In our second series of experiments the cholesterolaemic effects of tocotrienols and tocopherols were studied in the presence of squalene, a key intermediate in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and a controversial cholesterol lowering agent. Squalene added to the diet at 0.1% level significantly lowered (p<0.05) serum TC level when compared to that of the POTG group. The LDL-C, HDL-C and TG levels appeared to be lowered by the squalene supplementation also but the differences between the POTG-SQ and POTG groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). When tocotrienols or tocopherols were added to the squalene-containing POTG diets, the serum TC and LDL-C levels were further reduced (p<0.01) when compared to that of the POTG and POTG-SQ groups. The HDL-C and TG levels were not affected by tocotrienol or tocopherol supplementation in the presence of squalene. These results indicate that in the presence of tocotrienols and squalene POTG exhibit hypocholesterolaemic action whereas tocopherols may have a hypercholesterolaemic effect in the hamster.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
Serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in rats on long-term feeding with coconut oil or butterfat (ghee)

Soelaiman IN, Merican Z, Mohamed J, Kadir KB

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1996 Dec;5(4):244-8.
PMID: 24394618

We determined the relative atherogenicity of two saturated fats by studying their effects on lipid peroxidation (LP), by way of malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity in serum, liver and heart; and on serum lipid profile after 4 months and 9 months of feeding. Male Rattus norwegicus rats were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet fortified with 20% weight/weight butterfat (ghee) (BF) or coconut oil (CO). Serum high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-chol) and HDL-chol:LDL-chol ratio was lower in the BF group compared to CO after both feeding periods. Conjugated dienes (CDs) were higher in the serum and liver after 4 months, and heart after 9 months, of the rats fed BF compared to CO. Serum low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-chol) was higher, but CD were lower at 9 months than at 4 months feeding for all three groups. Liver and heart MDA and CD were higher in both groups after 9 months compared to 4 months. Liver GSHPx activity was higher after 9 months compared to 4 months in the BF group. Heart GSHPx activity was lower after 9 months compared to 4 months for both BF and CO groups. In conclusion, BF is potentially more atherogenic than CO in terms of serum lipids and LP. The unfavourable responses in serum lipids, with the exception of triglycerides, and LP were exaggerated with the longer duration of feeding with both oils.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
Fulltext Implications of maternal diet on breast milk docosahexaenoic acid 22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid 20:4n-6 (AA) contents: A narrative review

Khor GL

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2022;31(4):576-583.
PMID: 36576276 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202212_31(4).0001

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This narrative review aims to provide recent understanding of the implications of maternal diet on fatty acid composition of breast milk, with focus on the docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid 20:4n-6 (AA) contents, for fetal growth and development. Breast milk n6/n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio will also be highlighted in relations to maternal lipid intake.
METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant publications in English focusing on but not limited to the use of the key words stated below.
RESULTS: Studies since the 1950s of different population groups worldwide affirmed the recognition that breastmilk fatty acid compositions are highly sensitive to maternal diet. Colostrum is richer in long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) metabolites of both linoleic and linolenic acids than mature milk. Among these LC-PUFA, both DHA and AA are incorporated preferentially and rapidly within the cerebral cortex and the retina during the last trimester of pregnancy and postnatal 18 months. Maternal supply of DHA and AA include maternal fatty acid stores, endogenous synthesis or directly from diet. Decreasing fish intake concomitant with increased intake of meat and vegetable oil leading to decreased intake of DHA and EPA, and an increase in AA intake, have resulted in an imbalanced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in breastmilk.
CONCLUSIONS: A balanced intake of PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation is recommended for fetal and childhood growth and development.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
Strain-specific probiotic (microbial cell preparation) and omega-3 fatty acid in modulating quality of life and inflammatory markers in colorectal cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial

Golkhalkhali B, Rajandram R, Paliany AS, Ho GF, Wan Ishak WZ, Johari CS, et al.

Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2018 Jun;14(3):179-191.
PMID: 28857425 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12758

AIM: Colorectal cancer patients on chemotherapy usually have elevated levels of inflammatory markers and experience numerous side effects from chemotherapy thereby leading to poor quality of life. Omega-3 fatty acid and microbial cell preparation (MCP) have been known to provide significant benefits in patients on chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid and MCP in quality of life, chemotherapy side effects and inflammatory markers in colorectal cancer patients on chemotherapy.
METHODS: A double-blind randomized study was carried out with 140 colorectal cancer patients on chemotherapy. Subjects were separated into two groups to receive either placebo or MCP [30 billion colony-forming unit (CFUs) per sachet] at a dose of two sachets daily for 4 weeks, and omega-3 fatty acid at a dose of 2 g daily for 8 weeks. Outcomes measured were quality of life, side effects of chemotherapy and levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein.
RESULTS: The supplementation with MCP and omega-3 fatty acid improved the overall quality of life and alleviated certain side effects of chemotherapy. The supplementation with MCP and omega-3 fatty acid also managed to reduce the level of IL-6 (P = 0.002). There was a significant rise in the placebo group's serum TNF-α (P = 0.048) and IL-6 (P = 0.004).
CONCLUSION: The combined supplementation with MCP and omega-3 fatty acid may improve quality of life, reduce certain inflammatory biomarkers and relieve certain side effects of chemotherapy in colorectal patients on chemotherapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use*
Fulltext Salutary value of haruan, the striped snakehead Channa striatus - a review

Haniffa MA, Sheela PA, Kavitha K, Jais AM

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2014 May;4(Suppl 1):S8-S15.
PMID: 25183152 DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1015

Murrel namely Channa striatus or haruan contains all essential elements to maintain good health and to recover the lost energy after prolonged illness. The fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acid) indicated the abundant presence of C16:0 fatty acid as 30% and the other major fatty acids were C22:6 (15%), C20:4 (19%), C18:1 (12%) and C18:0 (15%). Haruan contains arachidonic acid (C20:4) as 19.0%, a precursor for prostaglandin and thromboxane biosyntheses. Both fatty and amino acids are important components for wound healing processes. Both the fillet and mucus extracts of haruan were found to exhibit a concentration dependent antinociceptive activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was higher in Channa roe protein hydrolysate than in Labeo roe protein hydrolysate in both DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing power. Protein content of roe concentrates (RPC) was found to be 90.2% (Channa) and 82.5% (Lates). Water absorption, oil absorption, foam capacity, stability and emulsifying capacity were found to be higher in Channa RPC than in Lates RPC. Characterization of protein hydrolysates from muscle and myofibrillar samples of haruan showed different kinetic and proteolytic activities. The skin extract of haruan influences the serotonergic receptor system thus they can function as an anti-depressant. Thus, haruan is the best example for food as medicine.

Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids

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