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Analyzing the thermal comfort conditions of outdoor spaces in a university campus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ghaffarianhoseini A, Berardi U, Ghaffarianhoseini A, Al-Obaidi K

Sci Total Environ, 2019 Jan 26.
PMID: 30857724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.284

The rapid urban expansion in East-Asian cities has increased the need for comfortable public spaces. This study presents field measurements and parametric simulations to evaluate the microclimatic characteristics in a university campus in the tropical climate of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study attempts to identify the thermally uncomfortable areas and their physical and design characteristics while debating on the circumstances of enhancing the outdoor comfort conditions for the campus users. Simulations in Envi-met and IES-VE are used to investigate the current outdoor thermal conditions, using classic thermal metric indices. Findings show high levels of thermal discomfort in most of the studied spaces. As a result, suggestions to improve the design quality of outdoor areas optimizing their thermal comfort conditions are proposed. The study concludes that effective re-design of outdoor spaces in the tropics, through adequate attention to the significant impacts of shading and vegetation, can result in achieving outdoor spaces with high frequency of use and improved comfort level.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Potential factors that impact the radon level and the prediction of ambient dose equivalent rates of indoor microenvironments

Ali MYM, Hanafiah MM, Khan MF

Sci Total Environ, 2018 Jun 01;626:1-10.
PMID: 29331833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.080

This study aimed to measure the equilibrium equivalent radon (EECRn) concentration in an old building (Building-1) and a new building (Building-2) with mechanical ventilation and a natural ventilation system, respectively. Both buildings were located at the campus of University Kebangsaan Malaysia. The concentration of indoor radon was measured at 25 sampling stations using a radon detector model DOSEman PRO. The sampling was conducted for 8 h to represent daily working hours. A correlation of the radon concentration was made with the annual inhalation dose of the occupants at the indoor stations. The equilibrium factor and the annual effective dose on the lung cancer risks of each occupant were calculated at each sampling station. The average equilibrium equivalent radon measured in Building-1 and Building-2 was 2.33 ± 0.99 and 3.17 ± 1.74 Bqm-3, respectively. The equilibrium factor for Building 1 ranged from 0.1053 to 0.2273, and it ranged from 0.1031 to 0.16 for Building 2. The average annual inhalation doses recorded at Building-1 and Building-2 were 0.014 ± 0.005 mSv y-1and 0.020 ± 0.013 mSv y-1, respectively. The annual effective dose for Building-1 was 0.034 ± 0.012 mSv y-1, and it was 0.048 ± 0.031 mSv y-1for Building-2. The values of equilibrium equivalent radon concentration for both buildings were below the standard recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). However, people may have different radon tolerance levels. Therefore, the inhalation of the radon concentration can pose a deleterious health effect for people in an indoor environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Suicidal Thoughts, Attempts and Motives Among University Students in 12 Muslim-Majority Countries

Eskin M, AlBuhairan F, Rezaeian M, Abdel-Khalek AM, Harlak H, El-Nayal M, et al.

Psychiatr Q, 2019 03;90(1):229-248.
PMID: 30498939 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-018-9613-4

There is a scarcity of research on suicidal phenomena in the Muslim world. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the self-reported prevalence of suicidal thoughts, attempts and motives in 12 Muslim countries. A total of 8417 (54.4% women) university students were surveyed by means of a self-report questionnaire. Overall, 22% of the participants reported suicidal ideation and 8.6% reported attempting suicide. The odds of suicidal thoughts were elevated in Azerbaijan, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia, while reduced ORs were recorded in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Malaysia. While odds of suicide attempts were high in Azerbaijan, Palestine and Saudi Arabia reduced odds ratios (OR) were detected in Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia and Tunisia. Taking drugs and using a sharp instrument were the two most frequently used methods to attempt suicide. Only 32.7% of attempts required medical attention. Escape motives were endorsed more than social motives by participants who attempted suicide. Suicidal behaviors were more frequent in women than in men. Compered to men, fewer attempts by women required medical attention. Moreover, our results show that making suicide illegal does not reduce the frequency of suicidal behavior. Results from this comparative study show that suicidal thoughts and attempts are frequent events in young adults in countries where religious scripture explicitly prohibit suicide and the frequencies of nonfatal suicidal behavior show large variation in nations adhering to the same religion.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities/statistics & numerical data
Fulltext Effect of Psychological and Institutional Factors on Student’s Entrepreneurial Intention: An Application of TPB, CSE and TT

Bukar Ali, Bularafa, Abdul Rashid, Abdullah

The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2019;5(1):1-9.
MyJurnal

Unemployment and poverty are seriously issue of concern globally, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Unemployment and poverty among university graduates in Nigeria, the trends on rising every year, major corporations are cutting down jobs and graduates who were interested to work can’t seem to find a job. However, entrepreneurship and business formation have been recognised around the World as a remedy for unemployment and pivotal for economies to grow. Therefore, promotion of entrepreneurial activity becomes the most top priority on the government agenda. Despite the unique role played by entrepreneurship to the economy as a whole and to the person that established business, in Nigeria, the rate of university graduates in entrepreneurship is far below expected. This led to many research efforts on factors that are having an effect on student’s entrepreneurial intentions. This review paper proposed the intention to be an entrepreneur can be explained by Ajzen, (1991) theory of planned behaviour, institutional, and core self-evaluation theories. Psychological (self-efficacy, risk-taking propensity, locus of control, innovativeness, need for achievement) and institutional (university environment, government support programmes) factors will have an effect on attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control. Consequently, the study predicted the entrepreneurial intentions of the Nigerian university students.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Application of the Socio-Ecological Model to predict physical activity behaviour among Nigerian University students

Essiet IA, Baharom A, Shahar HK, Uzochukwu B

Pan Afr Med J, 2017;26:110.
PMID: 28533833 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.110.10409

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity among university students is a catalyst for habitual physical activity in adulthood. Physical activity has many health benefits besides the improvement in academic performance. The present study assessed the predictors of physical activity among Nigerian university students using the Social Ecological Model (SEM).
METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited first-year undergraduate students in the University of Uyo, Nigeria by multistage sampling. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short-version was used to assess physical activity in the study. Factors were categorised according to the Socio-Ecological Model which consisted of individual, social environment, physical environment and policy level. Data was analysed using the IBM SPSS statistical software, version 22. Simple and multiple logistic regression were used to determine the predictors of sufficient physical activity.
RESULTS: A total of 342 respondents completed the study questionnaire. Majority of the respondents (93.6%) reported sufficient physical activity at 7-day recall. Multivariate analysis revealed that respondents belonging to the Ibibio ethnic group were about four times more likely to be sufficiently active compared to those who belonged to the other ethnic groups (AOR = 3.725, 95% CI = 1.383 to 10.032). Also, participants who had a normal weight were about four times more likely to be physically active compared to those who were underweight (AOR = 4.268, 95% CI = 1.323 to 13.772).
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there was sufficient physical activity levels among respondents. It is suggested that emphasis be given to implementing interventions aimed at sustaining sufficient levels of physical activity among students.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext A review of schizophrenia research in Malaysia

Chee KY, Salina AA

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Aug;69 Suppl A:46-54.
PMID: 25417951 MyJurnal

Research in schizophrenia has advanced tremendously. One hundred and seventy five articles related to Schizophrenia were found from a search through a database dedicated to indexing all original data relevant to medicine published in Malaysia between the years 2000-2013. This project aims to examine published research articles, in local and international journals in order to provide a glimpse of the research interest in Malaysia with regards to schizophrenia. Single case study, case series report, reviews and registry reports were not included in this review. Medication trial, unless it concerned a wider scope of psychopharmacology was also excluded from this review. A total of 105 articles were included in this review. Despite numerous genetics studies conducted and published, a definitive conclusion on the aetiology or mechanism underlying schizophrenia remains elusive. The National Mental Health - Schizophrenia Registry (NMHR) proved to be an important platform for many studies and publications. Studies stemmed from NMHR have provided significant insight into the baseline characteristic of patients with schizophrenia, pathway to care, and outcomes of the illness. International and regional collaborations have also encouraged important work involving stigma and discrimination in schizophrenia. Ministry of Health's hospitals (MOH) are the main research sites in the country with regards to schizophrenia research. Numbers of schizophrenia research are still low in relation to the number of universities and hospitals in the country. Some of the weaknesses include duplication of studies, over-emphasising clinical trials and ignoring basic clinical research, and the lack of publications in international and regional journals.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Functional status and health-related quality of life in patients with primary intracranial tumour

Ooi AL, Mazlina M

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Dec;68(6):448-52.
PMID: 24632911 MyJurnal

This study aimed to evaluate the functional status and HRQoL in patients with primary intracranial tumours in Malaysia. Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) were used to assess the functional status whereas EORTC core Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and Brain Cancer Module (BN-20) questionnaires were used to assess the HRQoL. Thirty-eight patients with primary intracranial tumours admitted for surgery in University Malaya Medical Center were recruited. These assessments were administered before surgery (baseline) and six months after surgery (follow-up). All patients received some form of rehabilitation interventions after surgery. The global HRQoL and functional status of these patients showed improvement at six months after surgery. Emotional Functioning score showed the greatest improvement among the functional domains (63 vs 86, p=0.003). Reduction in symptom burden such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, pain and headache were also noted at follow-up together with less future uncertainty (p<0.05). Pearson correlation revealed statistically significant positive correlation between functional status and HRQoL at baseline and follow-up, in particular, global health status (r=0.50 and r=0.67), physical functioning (r=0.53 and r=0.90) and role functioning (r=0.34 and r=0.77). Thus, from the correlation found, improving a patient's function and independence level throughout all stages of care, even before any surgical intervention is offered would improve the HRQoL concurrently.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Asian nasal polyps: a separate entity?

Tikaram A, Prepageran N

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Dec;68(6):445-7.
PMID: 24632910 MyJurnal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of cellular infiltration in nasal polyposis among Malaysian population and to compare the pattern of cellular infiltration in nasal polyposis between Malaysian and other Asian countries.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is retrospective study done on patients diagnosed with nasal polyposis from January 2008 to June 2012 in University Malaya Medical Center. Only the patients undergoing first operation for nasal polyp and were confirmed polyp with histopathological sections were included in the study.

RESULT: A total of 80 subjects were included in the study. Of these 48.75% had neutrophil- predominant polyp which was in contrast with the eosinophil- predominant polyp of Caucasian population but similar to other studies done in Asian countries.

CONCLUSION: The etiology of nasal polyposis in Caucasians and Asians may be different and may need to be managed differently. It may be more appropriate to treat nasal polyposis in Asian population with long term antibiotics and more study needs to be done on this.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Associated factors of sleep quality and behavior among students of two tertiary institutions in northern Malaysia

Lai PP, Say YH

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Jun;68(3):195-203.
PMID: 23749006 MyJurnal

The objective of the study was to investigate the associated factors of sleep quality and behavior among Malaysian tertiary students. The response rate to the questionnaire study was 41.0%. 1,118 students (M = 486, F = 632; mean age = 20.06 ± 1.53 years) were recruited from Universiti and Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman (Perak campuses) who completed a sleep quality and behavior questionnaire based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES) and craving of high-calorie foods. Results showed that students had the following sleeping habits - bed time = 2.41 a.m. ± 3.35 hr, rise time = 9.00 a.m. ± 1.76 hr, sleep latency = 16.65 ± 14.30 min and sleep duration = 7.31 ± 1.45 hr. 32.9% of the students were defined as poor quality sleepers, 30.6% suffering excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and 81.6% were categorized as individuals with 'definitely eveningness', defined as people who are definitely most alert in the late evening hours and prefer to go to bed late. There were no significant gender differences in sleep quality, 'chronotype' and EDS. Although there was no association of sleep quality and EDS with cumulative Grade Point Average (cGPA) and class skipping, EDS was associated with the tendency to fall asleep in class. Body Mass Index (BMI) was not associated with total sleep, PSQI, ESS and MES scores. Meanwhile, high-calorie food craving was associated with sleep duration, PSQI and ESS, but not MES. In conclusion, poor sleep behavior among Malaysian tertiary students in this study was not associated with gender, academic performance and BMI, but was associated with craving of high-calorie foods instead.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriers Among Medical Students in A Medical School

Syafinaz AM, Nur Ain NZ, Nadzirahi SN, Fatimah JS, Shahram A, Nasir MD

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):636-8.
PMID: 23770966 MyJurnal

Staphylococcus aureus is usually considered a colonizer but can result in infections under favourable conditions, especially in the healthcare setting. Healthcare workers can be colonized by S. aureus, and may transmit them to patients under their care. We conducted a cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriers among medical students in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) (from January to June 2011). Our study involved 209 medical students comprising of 111 and 97 preclinical and clinical students respectively. A selfadministered questionnaire was distributed and nasal swabs were collected. Upon identification, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was examined followed by categorical analysis (Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests) with factors associated with S. aureus nasal carriage. Twenty one (10%) S. aureus strains were isolated from 209 nasal swab samples. 14 isolates were from pre-clinical students while the remaining seven were from clinical students. There was no significant association between gender, ethnicity, health status, skin infection and students' exposure to hospital environment with S. aureus nasal carriage (p>0.05). Nineteen (90.5%) isolates were resistant to penicillin and there was also no significant association between penicillin resistant and the students' groups. One (5.3%) isolate was resistant to erythromycin. There was no methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated in this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext The pattern of death related to trauma cases presented to the emergency department of a tertiary university hospital

Nik Ab Rahman NH, Mohd Hussain H

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Apr;68(2):148-52.
PMID: 23629562 MyJurnal

Trauma is an ever increasing problem and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the under 40s age group. The main purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of death related to trauma cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) of a university hospital. This was a retrospective analysis of 75 consecutive trauma case records at a university hospital for a one year period. The most common cause of deaths is motor vehicle crashes. The mean score for the injury severity score (ISS) and revised trauma score (RTS) on arrival to the ED among the succumbed patients were 27.8 (s.d 8.6) and 5.7 (s.d 1.1) respectively. 58.7% of deaths occurred within 48 hours after the admission. Less than 50% of studied patients were still alive beyond 45 hours post admission and less than 10% still alive beyond 11 days. Our analysis also showed that 28% (n=21) and 56% (n=41) of the studied sample had a probability of survival between 50% to 75% and more than 75% respectively upon arrival based on the initial vital signs in the ED and the trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) methodology. Overall, we observed similar injury mechanisms, demographics and causes of death compare to other studies. The figures from this study, mandate further exploration of preventive issues and management improvements that should be applied not only to the current trauma system, but also to the health care system in general.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext An analysis of forensic entomological specimens by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Syamsa RA, Ahmad FM, Marwi MA, Zuha RM, Omar B

Med J Malaysia, 2010 Sep;65(3):192-5.
PMID: 21939166 MyJurnal

This study reviews forensic entomological specimens analysed by the Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for the year 2004. A total of 10 cases (6 males and 4 females) were observed for the entomological specimens. Various types of death scenes were obtained including indoor and outdoor area such as bushes field, rubbish dumping site, and aquatic areas. Identified fly species collected from the death sites were blow flies, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies and Lucilia cuprina and unknown sarcophagid larvae, with Ch. megacephala being the most common species found in the ecologically varied death scene habitats. The post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation ranged from one to five days, based on the entomological specimens collected.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Knowledge and attitude of university students in health sciences on the prevention of cervical cancer

Tan YY, Hesham R, Qodriyah HM

Med J Malaysia, 2010 Mar;65(1):53-7.
PMID: 21265250 MyJurnal

Cervical cancer is the second most common female cancer after breast cancer both in Malaysia and worldwide although it can be mostly prevented. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge level and attitude of University Kebangsaan Malaysia female students in the Faculties of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences on the prevention of cervical cancer. A total of 675 respondents were recruited for this cross-sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. There was significant association between grade and mean score of knowledge with different faculties and year of education (p<0.05). However, significant association was shown only between grade of knowledge with different programs in the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences. For mean score of knowledge, significant difference only existed among different races (p<0.05). Mass media was the most common source of information. In conclusion, the knowledge level of respondents on cervical cancer and its prevention was not satisfactory despite their positive attitude on prevention. Thus, more awareness programs should be conducted in University campuses to provide students with knowledge on prevention of cervical cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and vaccination status of varicella among students of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

Hesham R, Cheong JY, Mohd Hasni J

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):257-62.
PMID: 20527284 MyJurnal

Varicella is a highly infectious disease that can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Vaccination is the best method to prevent the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and vaccination status of varicella among UKM students. A cross sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires was undertaken between February and April, 2005. Questionnaires were distributed and filled by the first and second year students from four faculties in UKM (n=879). The faculties included were divided into two categories: medical fields and non-medical fields. The results showed that the overall level of knowledge on varicella among respondents was intermediate. The score of knowledge was significantly higher among medical students (t = 10.9, p < 0.05) compared to non-medical students. The varicella vaccination coverage was low among UKM students (19.3%). The vaccination status was significantly higher among medical students compared to non-medical students (chi2 = 8.6, p < 0.05). Vaccination status of varicella among respondents had no association with the level of knowledge (chi2 = 2.42, p > 0.05).

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Are Indians and females less tolerant to pain? An observational study using a laboratory pain model

Das Gupta E, Zailinawati AH, Lim AW, Chan JB, Yap SH, Hla YY, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Jun;64(2):111-3.
PMID: 20058568 MyJurnal

In Malaysia, it is a common belief among health care workers that females and Indians have lower pain threshold. This experience, although based on anecdotal experience in the healthcare setting, does not allow differentiation between pain tolerance, and pain expression. To determine whether there is a difference in the tolerance to pain between the three main ethnic groups, namely the Malays, Chinese and Indians as well as between males and females. This was a prospective study, using a laboratory pain model (ischaemic pain tolerance) to determine the pain tolerance of 152 IMU medical students. The mean age of the students was 21.8 years (range 18-29 years). All of them were unmarried. The median of ischaemic pain tolerance for Malays, Chinese and Indians were 639s, 695s and 613s respectively (p = 0.779). However, statistically significant difference in ischaemic pain tolerance for males and females Indian students were observed. Possible ethnic difference in pain tolerance in casual observation is not verified by this laboratory pain model. Difference in pain tolerance between genders is shown only for Indians.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Evaluating IMU communication skills training programme: assessment tool development

Yeap R, Beevi Z, Lukman H

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Aug;63(3):244-6.
PMID: 19248699

This article describes the development of four assessment tools designed to evaluate the communication skills training (CST) programme at the International Medical University (IMU). The tools measure pre-clinical students' 1) perceived competency in basic interpersonal skills, 2) attitude towards patient-centred communication, 3) conceptual knowledge on doctor-patient communication, and 4) acceptance of the CST programme.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Implementing an assessment-based communication skills training in pre-clinical phase: an IMU experience

Lukman H, Beevi Z, Mohamadou G, Yeap R

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Jun;61(2):214-6.
PMID: 16898314

This article describes the communication skills programme of the International Medical University, which adopts an integrated medical curriculum. The programme, implemented in February 2005, is based on a systematic framework aimed at teaching students basic interpersonal communication skills progressively and continuously throughout the pre-clinical phase.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities*
Fulltext Comparative bioavailability study of a generic sustained release diclofenac sodium tablet

Magosso E, Yuen KH, Choy WP, Ling SSN, Ng BH, Ur-Rahman N, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Aug;59(3):352-6.
PMID: 15727381

The bioavailability of a generic diclofenac sodium sustained release tablet preparation (Zolterol, SR) was compared with the innovator product, Voltaren, SR. Twelve healthy adult male volunteers participated in the study, which was conducted according to a randomized, two-way crossover design with a wash out period of one week. The bioavailability of diclofenac was compared using the parameters area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax). No statistically significant difference was observed for both logarithmically transformed AUC(0-infinity), Cmax values and Tmax value of the two preparations.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases among the academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University of Malaya

Chew YK, Reddy SC, Karina R

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Aug;59(3):305-11.
PMID: 15727374 MyJurnal

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and refractive errors) among 473 academic staff (non-medical faculties) of University Malaya. The awareness of cataract was in 88.2%, diabetic retinopathy in 83.5%, refractive errors in 75.3% and glaucoma in 71.5% of the study population. The knowledge about all the above common eye diseases was moderate, except presbyopia which was poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that females, older people, and those having family history of eye diseases were significantly more aware and more knowledgeable about the eye diseases. Health education about eye diseases would be beneficial to seek early treatment and prevent visual impairment in the society.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities
Fulltext Assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes among medical students in Universiti Putra Malaysia

Chew BH, Cheong AT

Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):24-9.
PMID: 23466762 MyJurnal

OBJECTIVE: Medical students are future doctors who are trained to treat all kind of diseases including people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) without prejudice. This study was to determine the factors associated with knowledge on HIV/AIDS and stigma towards PLWHA among medical students.
METHODS: This was a cross sectional study with stratified random sampling conducted in a public university, Malaysia. The participants were preclinical-year (year 1 and year 2) and clinical-year (year 3 and year 4) medical students. Simple randomisation was carried out after stratification of medical students into preclinical and clinical-year. The self-administered questionnaires were consisted of socio-demographic data, items assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge and items assessing stigmatisation attitudes towards PLWHA.
RESULTS: We had 100% response rate of 340 participants. Pre-clinical and clinical year medical students each contributed 170 (50%). Majority was female (64.1%). About two-thirds (60.6%) was Malay, followed by Chinese (31.2%) and Indian (7.1%). Pre-clinical students were significantly more stigmatizing in subscale of "attitudes towards imposed measures" (t=3.917, p<0.001), even with adjustment for previous encounter and ethnicity (B= 1.2, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.83, p=0.001). On the other hand, clinical students were found to be significantly less comfortable in handling HIV/AIDS cases (t=0.039, p=0.039), even after controlled for previous encounter and ethnicity (B=0.6, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.98, p< 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Clinical encounter with PLWHA was associated with higher knowledge in HIV/AIDS. Medical students in preclinical years were having stigmatizing attitude towards imposed measures compared to the clinical years who had more stigmatizing attitude in being less comfortable with PLWHA.

Matched MeSH terms: Universities

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