Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 450 in total

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  1. Hydrogel beads bio-nanocomposite based on Kappa-Carrageenan and green synthesized silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications
    Azizi S, Mohamad R, Abdul Rahim R, Mohammadinejad R, Bin Ariff A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Nov;104(Pt A):423-431.
    PMID: 28591593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.010
    This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads based on Kappa-Carrageenan (κ-Carrageenan) and bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The silver nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous Citrullus colocynthis seed extract as both reducing and capping agent. Cross-linked κ-Carrageenan/Ag-NPs hydrogel beads were prepared using potassium chloride as the cross-linker. The hydrogel beads were characterized using XRD and FESEM. Moreover, swelling property of the hydrogel beads was investigated. The Ag release profile of the hydrogels was obtained by fitting the experimental data to power law equation. The direct visualization of the green synthesized Ag-NPs using TEM shows particle size in the range of 23±2nm. The bio-nanocomposite hydrogels showed lesser swelling behavior in comparison with pure κ-Carrageenan hydrogel. Regardless the slow Ag release, κ-Carrageenan/Ag-NPs presented good antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aurous, Peseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with maximum zones of inhibition 11±2mm. Cytotoxicity study showed that the bio-nanocomposite hydrogels with non-toxic effect of concentration below 1000μg/mL have great pharmacological potential and a suitable level of safety for use in the biological systems.
  2. Characterization of keratin microparticles from feather biomass with potent antioxidant and anticancer activities
    Sharma S, Gupta A, Chik SMST, Kee CG, Mistry BM, Kim DH, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Nov;104(Pt A):189-196.
    PMID: 28596005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.015
    In the present study chicken feathers were hydrolyzed by chemical treatment in alkaline conditions. The pH value of feather hydrolyzed solution was amended accordingly the iso-electric precipitation. Two types of keratin microparticles KM1, KM2 were synthesized under acidic conditions at 3.5 and 5.5pH respectively. The synthesized keratin microparticles possessed uniform and round surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal degradation of microparticles were examined by thermogravimetry (TGA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the extracted keratin retained the most of protein backbone. The microparticles were screened for their in vitro anticancer activities by SRB bioassay towards HeLa, SK-OV-3 and A549 cancer cell lines. Futhermore, their cytotoxicity towards healthy cell lines was analyzed having Malin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines along with in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS methods KM1 and KM2 showed 200.31±1.01 and 139.73±0.94, 214.16±0.29 and 153.92±0.61, 328.92±3.46 and 200.33±2.48μg/mL of IC50 levels against HeLa, SK-OV-3, and A549 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, KM1 and KM2 demonstrated significant antioxidant potency with IC50 levels 13.15 and 9.02μg/mL as well as 8.96 and 5.60μg/mL in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging bioassay, respectively.
  3. Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles into chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds: Effect on morphology, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of 3D porous scaffolds
    Ullah S, Zainol I, Idrus RH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Nov;104(Pt A):1020-1029.
    PMID: 28668615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.080
    The zinc oxide nanoparticles (particles size <50nm) incorporated into chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds and investigated the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation on microstructure, mechanical properties, biodegradation and cytocompatibility of 3D porous scaffolds. The 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% zinc oxide nanoparticles chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds were fabricated via freeze-drying technique. The zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation effects consisting in chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds were investigated by mechanical and swelling tests, and effect on the morphology of scaffolds examined microscopically. The biodegradation and cytocompatibility tests were used to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation on the ability of scaffolds to use for tissue engineering application. The mean pore size and swelling ratio of scaffolds were decreased upon incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles however, the porosity, tensile modulus and biodegradation rate were increased upon incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. In vitro culture of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes showed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles facilitated cell adhesion, proliferation and infiltration of chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds. It was found that the zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation enhanced porosity, tensile modulus and cytocompatibility of chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds.
  4. Multi-analyte validation in heterogeneous solution by ELISA
    Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB, Hashim U, Murugaiyah V
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Dec;105(Pt 1):796-800.
    PMID: 28732727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.115
    Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a standard assay that has been used widely to validate the presence of analyte in the solution. With the advancement of ELISA, different strategies have shown and became a suitable immunoassay for a wide range of analytes. Herein, we attempted to provide additional evidence with ELISA, to show its suitability for multi-analyte detection. To demonstrate, three clinically relevant targets have been chosen, which include 16kDa protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, human blood clotting Factor IXa and a tumour marker Squamous Cell Carcinoma antigen. Indeed, we adapted the routine steps from the conventional ELISA to validate the occurrence of analytes both in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions. With the homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions, we could attain the sensitivity of 2, 8 and 1nM for the targets 16kDa protein, FIXa and SSC antigen, respectively. Further, the specific multi-analyte validations were evidenced with the similar sensitivities in the presence of human serum. ELISA assay in this study has proven its applicability for the genuine multiple target validation in the heterogeneous solution, can be followed for other target validations.
  5. Determination of alpha-2-MRAP gene polymorphisms in nephrolithiasis patients
    Mehde AA, Mehdi WA, Yusof F, Raus RA, Abidin ZAZ, Ghazali H, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Dec;105(Pt 1):1324-1327.
    PMID: 28760704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.167
    BACKGROUND: The intron 5 insertion/deletion polymorphism of Alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein gene (Alpha-2-MRAP) has been implicated in numerous diseases. The current study was designed to analyze the association of intron 5 insertion/deletion polymorphism of Alpha-2-MRAP with nephrolithiasis patients.

    METHODS: PCR was conducted on genomic DNA of patients and control to look for Alpha-2-MRAP insertion/deletion polymorphism. Besides that, serum level of Alpha-2-MRAP, oxidative stress marker myeloperoxidase, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and uric acid were determined.

    RESULTS: The D and I allele frequencies were 57.50% and 42.50% in patients, 77.50% and 22.50% in control, individually. The result showed that II genotype was associated with nephrolithiasis patients group. A significant decrease was observed in serum Alpha-2-MRAP,myeloperoxidase and TAS,while TOS,OSI,MDA,AOPP and uric acid were substantially increased in II and ID when compared to DD genotype in patients with nephrolithiasis.

    CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate for the first time that patients with II genotype had an increased risk of stones. Also, the results demonstrate that I allele of the 5 insertion/deletion polymorphism in the Alpha-2-MRAP gene is related with an increase of oxidative stress in nephrolithiasis patients and may possibly impose a risk for cardiovascular diseases in patients with II genotype of Alpha-2-MRAP.

  6. Bactericidal and fungistatic activity of peptide derived from GH18 domain of prawn chitinase 3 and its immunological functions during biological stress
    Ravichandran G, Kumaresan V, Mahesh A, Dhayalan A, Arshad A, Arasu MV, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Jan;106:1014-1022.
    PMID: 28837852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.098
    Chitinases play a vital role during the pathogenic invasion and immunosuppression in various organisms including invertebrates and vertebrates. In this study, we have investigated the participation of MrChit-3 (Macrobrachium rosenbergii Chitinase-3) during host-pathogenic interaction in freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of MrChit-3 was up-regulated during bacterial, viral and laminarin challenge. Moreover, to understand the antimicrobial role of the GH18 domain, a putative membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptide (MrVG) was identified from the GH18 domain region of the protein and it was chemically synthesized. Physico-chemical features of the GH18 derived antimicrobial peptide (AMP) was assessed by various in silico tools and the antimicrobial property of the peptide was confirmed from in vitro studies. The membrane targeting mechanism of the peptide was determined by flow cytometry (FACS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Interestingly, the peptide was able to inhibit the growth of a chitinolytic fungal pathogen, Aspergillus niger, which was isolated from the shells of M. rosenbergii. The toxicity studies such as hemolysis activity on human blood erythrocytes and cell viability assay with primary kidney cells, HEK293 of MrVG revealed that the peptide was not involved in inducing any toxicity.
  7. Modified Dioscorea hispida starch-based hydrogels and their in-vitro cytotoxicity study on small intestine cell line (FHS-74 Int)
    Ashri A, Amalina N, Kamil A, Fazry S, Sairi MF, Nazar MF, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt B):2412-2421.
    PMID: 29056465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.125
    Starch-based hydrogels are promising smart materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, which offer exciting perspectives in biophysical research at molecular level. This work was intended to develop, characterize and explore the properties of hydrogel from starch extracted from new source, Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Starch-mediated hydrogels were successfully synthesized via free radical polymerization method with varying concentrations of acrylic acid (AA),N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in aqueous system. The grafting reaction between starch and AA was examined by observing the decline in intensity peak of hydrogel FTIR spectrum at 3291cm-1 and peak around 1600-1680cm-1, indicating the stretching of hydroxyl group (OH) and stretching of carbon-carbon double bond (CC) respectively. The effects of cross-linker, monomer and NaOH concentration on swelling ratio and gel content in different medium and conditions were also evaluated. The thermal stability and structural morphology of as-synthesized hydrogels were studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In-vitro cytotoxicity study using small intestine cell line (FHS-74 Int) revealed that the as-formulated eco-friendly-hydrogel was free from any harmful material and safe to use for future product development.
  8. High surface area mesoporous activated carbon-alginate beads for efficient removal of methylene blue
    Nasrullah A, Bhat AH, Naeem A, Isa MH, Danish M
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt B):1792-1799.
    PMID: 29032214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.045
    High surface area mesoporous activated carbon-alginate (AC-alginate) beads were successfully synthesized by entrapping activated carbon powder derived from Mangosteen fruit peel into calcium-alginate beads for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution. The structure and surface characteristics of AC-alginate beads were analyzed using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analysis (SBET), while thermal properties were tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of AC-alginate dose, pH of solution, contact time, initial concentration of MB solution and temperature on MB removal was elucidated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 230mg/g was achieved for 100mg/L of MB solution at pH 9.5 and temperature 25°C. Furthermore, the adsorption of MB on AC-alginate beads followed well pseudo-second order equation and equilibrium adsorption data were better fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. The findings reveal the feasibility of AC-alginate beads composite to be used as a potential and low cost adsorbent for removal of cationic dyes.
  9. Functional properties and utilization of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam seed starch from new species in China
    Zhang Y, Hu M, Zhu K, Wu G, Tan L
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt B):1395-1405.
    PMID: 29017887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.001
    Jackfruit is now receiving extensive attention as a new source of starch. However, jackfruit seeds are discarded as waste, although they are rich in starch. The functional properties of the starches were investigated from new Chinese jackfruit species. All the starches have a high amylose (26.56-38.34%) with a potential to become functional foods rich in resistant starch. The jackfruit starches varied from trigonal and tetragonal, round to semi-oval/bell shapes and showed significant variations in particle sizes (5.53-14.46μm). These variations led to significant differences in their functional properties, and significant correlations were found in their pasting, thermal, crystal and texture parameters. Hierarchical cluster analysis sorted the samples into three groups of 1) Malaysia 8 (M8) and ZhenZhu (ZZ); 2) Malaysia 2, Malaysia 3 and Malaysia 4, (M2, M3, M4); and 3) Xiangyinsuo 11, Xiangyinsuo 4, Xiangyinsuo 3 and Xiangyinsuo 2 (X11, X4, X3, X2). The first group could be used as food thickening or gelling agents. The second group could be applied in glutinous foods. The third group make them suitable for fillings in confectionery or weaning foods.
  10. Designing probe from E6 genome region of human Papillomavirus 16 for sensing applications
    Parmin NA, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt B):1738-1746.
    PMID: 29030179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.051
    Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a standout amongst the most commonly reported over 100 types, among them genotypes 16, 18, 31 and 45 are the high-risk HPV. Herein, we designed the oligonucleotide probe for the detection of predominant HPV type 16 for the sensing applications. Conserved amino acid sequences within E6 region of the open reading frame in the HPV genome was used as the basis to design oligonucleotide probe to detect cervical cancer. Analyses of E6 amino acid sequences from the high-risk HPVs were done to check the percentage of similarity and consensus regions that cause different cancers, including cervical cancer. Basic local alignment search tools (BLAST) have given extra statistical parameters, for example, desire values (E-values) and score bits. The probe, 'GGG GTC GGT GGA CCG GTC GAT GTA' was designed with 66.7% GC content. This oligonucleotide probe is designed with the length of 24 mer, GC percent is between 40 and 70, and the melting point (Tm) is above 50°C. The probe needed an acceptable length between 22 and 31 mer. The choice of region is identified here can be used as a probe, has implications for HPV detection techniques in biosensor especially for clinical determination of cervical cancer.
  11. New crosslinked-chitosan graft poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions
    Sutirman ZA, Sanagi MM, Abd Karim J, Abu Naim A, Wan Ibrahim WA
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):891-897.
    PMID: 28935540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.061
    Crosslinked chitosan beads were grafted with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) using ammonium persulfate (APS) as free radical initiator. Important variables on graft copolymerization such as temperature, reaction time, concentration of initiator and concentration of monomer were optimized. The results revealed optimum conditions for maximum grafting of NVP on 1g crosslinked chitosan as follows: reaction temperature, 60°C; reaction time, 2h and concentrations of APS and NVP of 2.63×10-1M and 26.99×10-1M, respectively. The modified chitosan beads were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR, SEM and BET to provide evidence of successful crosslinking and grafting reactions. The resulting material (cts(x)-g-PNVP) was evaluated as adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in a batch experiment. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were also applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The results showed that the adsorption of the copper ions onto the beads agreed well with Langmuir model with the maximum capacity (qmax) of 122mgg-1.
  12. Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution by using novel chitosan ionic liquid beads
    Naseeruteen F, Hamid NSA, Suah FBM, Ngah WSW, Mehamod FS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):1270-1277.
    PMID: 28965968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.111
    Chitosan ionic liquid beads were prepared from chitosan and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids to remove Malachite Green (MG) from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation time and initial MG concentration. The optimum conditions were obtained at pH 4.0, 0.008g of adsorbent dosage and 20min of agitation time were utilized in the kinetic and isotherm studies. Three kinetic models were applied to analyze the kinetic data and pseudo-second order was found to be the best fitted model with R2>0.999. In order to determine the adsorption capacity, the sorption data were analyzed using the linear form of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The isotherm was best fitted by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) obtained from Langmuir isotherm for two chitosan beads 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate A and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium B are 8.07mgg-1 and 0.24mgg-1 respectively.
  13. Green Nanotechnology for Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticles for sustained bortezomib release using supercritical CO2 assisted particle formation combined with electrodeposition
    Demirdöğen RE, Emen FM, Ocakoglu K, Murugan P, Sudesh K, Avşar G
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):436-445.
    PMID: 28888547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.011
    Carbon dioxide assisted particle formation combined with electrospraying using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as an aid (Carbon Dioxide Assisted Nebulization-Electrodeposition, CAN-ED) was used to produce Bortezomib loaded poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(3HB-co-3HHx) nanoparticles for sustained release. The morphology and structure of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated by SEM, TEM and FT-IR spectroscopy. Average diameter of particles obtained was 155nm and the average core sizes of P(3HB-co-3HHx) nanoparticles were between 6 and 13nm. The drug loading capacity, drug release and stability of Bortezomib loaded P(3HB-co-3HHx) nanoparticles were analyzed. The maximum loading capacity was achieved at pH=6.0 in phosphate buffer (K2HPO4/KH2PO4). It was found that temperature did not affect the stability of Bortezomib loaded nanoparticles and it was good both at 37°C and 4°C. This study pointed out that CAN-ED is a green method to produce P(3HB-co-3HHx) nanoparticles for pH responsive targeting of Bortezomib especially to parts of the body where size exclusion is not crucial.
  14. Carboxymethyl fenugreek galactomannan-gellan gum-calcium silicate composite beads for glimepiride delivery
    Bera H, Mothe S, Maiti S, Vanga S
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):604-614.
    PMID: 28916379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.027
    Novel carboxymethyl fenugreek galactomannan (CFG)-gellan gum (GG)-calcium silicate (CS) composite beads were developed for controlled glimepiride (GLI) delivery. CFG having degree of carboxymethylation of 0.71 was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, DSC and XRD analyses. Subsequently, GLI-loaded hybrids were accomplished by ionotropic gelation technique employing Ca+2/Zn+2/Al+3 ions as cross-linkers. All the formulations demonstrated excellent drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, 48-97%) and sustained drug release behaviour (Q8h, 62-94%). These quality attributes were remarkably influenced by polymer-blend (GG:CFG) ratios, cross-linker types and CS inclusion. The drug release profile of the optimized formulation (F-6) was best fitted in zero-order model with anomalous diffusion driven mechanism. It also conferred excellent ex vivo mucoadhesive property and considerable hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, the beads were characterized for drug-excipients compatibility, drug crystallinity, thermal behaviour and surface morphology. Thus, the developed hybrid matrices are appropriate for controlled delivery of GLI for Type 2 diabetes management.
  15. AFM analysis of collagen fibrils in expanded scalp tissue after anisotropic tissue expansion
    Aziz J, Ahmad MF, Rahman MT, Yahya NA, Czernuszka J, Radzi Z
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):1030-1038.
    PMID: 28939521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.066
    Successful use of tissue expanders depends on the quality of expanded tissue. This study evaluates the impact of anisotropic self-inflating tissue expander (SITE) on the biomechanics of skin. Two different SITE were implanted subcutaneously on sheep scalps; SITE that requires 30days for maximum expansion (Group A; n=5), and SITE that requires 21days for maximum expansion (Group B; n=5). Control animals (n=5) were maintained without SITE implantation. Young's Modulus, D-periodicity, overlap and gap region length, diameter, and height difference between overlap and gap regions on collagen fibrils were analyzed using atomic force microscopy. Histology showed no significant differences in dermal thickness between control and expanded skin of groups A and B. Furthermore, most parameters of expanded skin were similar to controls (p>0.05). However, the height difference between overlap and gap regions was significantly smaller in group B compared to both control and group A (p<0.01). Strong correlation was observed between Young's Modulus of overlap and gap regions of the control and group A, but not group B. Results suggest that a relatively slower SITE can be useful in reconstructive surgery to maintain the biomechanical properties of expanded skin.
  16. Revalorization of selected municipal solid wastes as new precursors of "green" nanocellulose via a novel one-pot isolation system: A source perspective
    Chen YW, Lee HV
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):78-92.
    PMID: 28860064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.143
    In the present work, four types of newly chosen municipal solid wastes (Panax ginseng, spent tea residue, waste cotton cloth, and old corrugated cardboard) were studied as the promising sources for nanocellulose, which has efficiently re-engineered the structure of waste products into highly valuable nanocellulose materials. The nanocellulose was produced directly via a facile one-pot oxidative hydrolysis process by using H2O2/Cr(NO3)3 solution as the bleaching agent and hydrolysis medium under acidic condition. The isolated nanocellulose products were well-characterized in terms of chemical composition, product yield, morphological structure and thermal properties. The study has found that the crystallinity index of the obtained nanocellulose products were significantly higher (62.2-83.6%) than that of its starting material due to the successive elimination of lignin, hemicellulose and amorphous regions of cellulose, which were in good agreement with the FTIR analysis. The evidence of the successful production of nanocellulose was given by TEM observation which has revealed the fibril widths were ranging from 15.6 to 46.2nm, with high cellulose content (>90%), depending on the cellulosic origin. The physicochemical properties of processed samples have confirmed that the isolation of high purity nanocellulose materials from different daily spent products is possible. The comparative study can help to provide a deep insight on the possibility of revalorizing the municipal solid wastes into nanocellulose via the simple and versatile one-pot isolation system, which has high potential to be used in commercial applications for sustainable development.
  17. Diethanolamine-modified pectin based core-shell composites as dual working gastroretentive drug-cargo
    Bera H, Kumar S
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Mar;108:1053-1062.
    PMID: 29122714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.019
    The current study aimed at developing diethonolamine-modified high-methoxyl pectin (DMP)-alginate (ALG) based core-shell composites for controlled intragastric delivery of metformin HCl (MFM) by combined approach of floating and bioadhesion. DMP with degree of amidation of 48.72% was initially accomplished and characterized by FTIR, DSC and XRD analyses. MFM-loaded core matrices were then fabricated by ionotropic gelation technique employing zinc acetate as cross-linker. The core matrices were further coated by fenugreek gum (FG)-ALG gel membrane via diffusion-controlled interfacial complexation method. Various formulations demonstrated excellent drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, 51-70%) and sustained drug eluting behavior (Q8h, 72-96%), which were extremely influenced by polymer-blend (ALG:DMP) ratios, low density additives (olive oil/magnesium stearate) and FG-ALG coating inclusion. The drug release profile of the core-shell matrices (F-7) was best fitted in zero-order kinetic model with case-II transport driven mechanism. It also portrayed outstanding gastroretentive characteristics. Moreover, the composites were analyzed for surface morphology, drug-excipients compatibility, thermal behavior and drug crystallinity. Thus, the developed composites are appropriate for controlled stomach-specific delivery of MFM for type 2 diabetes management.
  18. Effect of duration of sonication during gelatinization on properties of tapioca starch water hyacinth fiber biocomposite
    Asrofi M, Abral H, Putra YK, Sapuan SM, Kim HJ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Mar;108:167-176.
    PMID: 29191420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.165
    This paper characterizes properties of biocomposite sonicated during gelatinization. The biocomposite consisted of tapioca starch based plastic reinforced by 10% volume fraction of water hyacinth fiber (WHF). During gelatinization, the biocomposite was poured into a rectangular glass mold then vibrated in an ultrasonic bath using 40kHz, 250W for varying durations (0, 15, 30, and 60min). The resulting biocomposite was then dried in a drying oven at 50°C for 20h. The results of this study indicate that a biocomposite with optimal properties can be produced using tapioca starch and WHF if the gelatinizing mixture is exposed to ultrasound vibration for 30min. After this vibration duration, tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) increased 83% and 108%. A further 60min vibration only increased the TS at 13% and TM at 23%. Moisture resistance of the biocomposite after vibration increased by around 25% reaching a maximal level after 30min. Thermal resistance of the vibrated biocomposites was also increased.
  19. Synthesis and evaluation on pH- and temperature-responsive chitosan-p(MAA-co-NIPAM) hydrogels
    Rasib SZM, Ahmad Z, Khan A, Akil HM, Othman MBH, Hamid ZAA, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Mar;108:367-375.
    PMID: 29222015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.021
    In this study, chitosan-poly(methacrylic acid-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) [chitosan-p(MAA-co-NIPAM)] hydrogels were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. In order to be used as a carrier for drug delivery systems, the hydrogels had to be biocompatible, biodegradable and multi-responsive. The polymerization was performed by copolymerize MAA and NIPAM with chitosan polymer to produce a chitosan-based hydrogel. Due to instability during synthesis and complexity of components to produce the hydrogel, further study at different times of reaction is important to observe the synthesis process, the effect of end product on swelling behaviour and the most important is to find the best way to control the hydrogel synthesis in order to have an optimal swelling behaviour for drug release application. Studied by using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy found that, the synthesized was successfully produced stable chitosan-based hydrogel with PNIPAM continuously covered the outer surface of hydrogel which influenced much on the stability during synthesis. The chitosan and PMAA increased the zeta potential of the hydrogel and the chitosan capable to control shrinkage above human body temperature. The chitosan-p(MAA-co-NIPAM) hydrogels also responses to pH and temperature thus improved the ability to performance as a drug carrier.
  20. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from Zophobas morio larvae in varying sodium hydroxide concentration
    Soon CY, Tee YB, Tan CH, Rosnita AT, Khalina A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Mar;108:135-142.
    PMID: 29175166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.138
    Large amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is consumed to remove the protein content in chitin biomass during deproteinization. However, excessive NaOH concentration used might lead to the reduction of cost effectiveness during chitin extraction. Hence, the present study aimed to extract and evaluate the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan isolated from superworm (Zophobas morio) larvae using 0.5M-2.0M of NaOH. The extracted chitin and chitosan were subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The 0.5M NaOH treatment resulted in the highest yield of chitin (5.43%), but produced the lowest yield (65.84%) of chitosan. The extracted chitin samples had relatively high degree of acetylation (DA) (82.39%-101.39%). Both chitin and chitosan showed smooth surface with tiny pores. The extracted chitin samples were confirmed as α-chitin based on the FT-IR and TGA. The chitin samples were amorphous with low degree of crystallinity. From TGA, the Chitosan 3 extracted was partially deacetylated. Both DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-chelating assay showed positive correlation with DD of chitosan isolates. However, the chitosan isolates were not fully dissolved, resulting in lower radical scavenging and ferric-chelating ability compared to commercial chitosan.
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