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Rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2 facilitates crude oil distillation

Asshifa Md Noh N, Al-Ashraf Abdullah A, Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim M, Ramli Mohd Yahya A

J Gen Appl Microbiol, 2012;58(2):153-61.
PMID: 22688247

A biosurfactant-producing and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2, was used to assist conventional distillation. Batch cultivation in a bioreactor gave a biomass of 9.4 g L(-1) and rhamnolipid concentration of 2.4 g L(-1) achieved after 72 h. Biosurfactant activity (rhamnolipid) was detected by the orcinol assay, emulsification index and drop collapse test. Pretreatment of crude oil TK-1 and AG-2 with a culture of P. aeruginosa USM-AR2 that contains rhamnolipid was proven to facilitate the distillation process by reducing the duration without reducing the quality of petroleum distillate. It showed a potential in reducing the duration of the distillation process, with at least 2- to 3-fold decreases in distillation time. This is supported by GC-MS analysis of the distillate where there was no difference between compounds detected in distillate obtained from treated or untreated crude oil. Calorimetric tests showed the calorie value of the distillate remained the same with or without treatment. These two factors confirmed that the quality of the distillate was not compromised and the incubation process by the microbial culture did not over-degrade the oil. The rhamnolipid produced by this culture was the main factor that enhanced the distillation performance, which is related to the emulsification of hydrocarbon chains in the crude oil. This biotreatment may play an important role to improve the existing conventional refinery and distillation process. Reducing the distillation times by pretreating the crude oil with a natural biosynthetic product translates to energy and cost savings in producing petroleum products.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Large-Scale Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hassan MNFB, Yazid MD, Yunus MHM, Chowdhury SR, Lokanathan Y, Idrus RBH, et al.

Stem Cells Int, 2020;2020:9529465.
PMID: 32733574 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9529465

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with strong immunosuppressive property that renders them an attractive source of cells for cell therapy. MSCs have been studied in multiple clinical trials to treat liver diseases, peripheral nerve damage, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular damage. Millions to hundred millions of MSCs are required per patient depending on the disease, route of administration, frequency of administration, and patient body weight. Multiple large-scale cell expansion strategies have been described in the literature to fetch the cell quantity required for the therapy. In this review, bioprocessing strategies for large-scale expansion of MSCs were systematically reviewed and discussed. The literature search in Medline and Scopus databases identified 26 articles that met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These articles described the large-scale expansion of 7 different sources of MSCs using 4 different bioprocessing strategies, i.e., bioreactor, spinner flask, roller bottle, and multilayered flask. The bioreactor, spinner flask, and multilayered flask were more commonly used to upscale the MSCs compared to the roller bottle. Generally, a higher expansion ratio was achieved with the bioreactor and multilayered flask. Importantly, regardless of the bioprocessing strategies, the expanded MSCs were able to maintain its phenotype and potency. In summary, the bioreactor, spinner flask, roller bottle, and multilayered flask can be used for large-scale expansion of MSCs without compromising the cell quality.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Fulltext Biohydrogen Production from Hydrolysates of Selected Tropical Biomass Wastes with Clostridium Butyricum

Dan Jiang, Fang Z, Chin SX, Tian XF, Su TC

Sci Rep, 2016 06 02;6:27205.
PMID: 27251222 DOI: 10.1038/srep27205

Biohydrogen production has received widespread attention from researchers in industry and academic fields. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effects of several key variables in anaerobic fermentation of glucose with Clostridium butyrium, and achieved the highest production rate and yield of hydrogen. Highest H2 yield of 2.02 mol H2/mol-glucose was achieved from 24 h bottle fermentation of glucose at 35 °C, while the composition of medium was (g/L): 15.66 glucose, 6.04 yeast extract, 4 tryptone, 3 K2HPO4, 3 KH2PO4, 0.05 L-cysteine, 0.05 MgSO4·7H2O, 0.1 MnSO4·H2O and 0.3 FeSO4·7H2O, which was very different from that for cell growth. Sugarcane bagasse and Jatropha hulls were selected as typical tropical biomass wastes to produce sugars via a two-step acid hydrolysis for hydrogen production. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, H2 yield (mol H2/mol-total reducing sugar) was 2.15 for glucose, 2.06 for bagasse hydrolysate and 1.95 for Jatropha hull hydrolysate in a 3L fermenter for 24 h at 35 °C, with H2 purity of 49.7-64.34%. The results provide useful information and basic data for practical use of tropical plant wastes to produce hydrogen.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors/microbiology
Fulltext Response surface optimization of culture medium for enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by a Malaysian thraustochytrid

Manikan V, Kalil MS, Hamid AA

Sci Rep, 2015;5:8611.
PMID: 25721623 DOI: 10.1038/srep08611

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) plays a vital role in the enhancement of human health, particularly for cognitive, neurological, and visual functions. Marine microalgae, such as members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, are rich in DHA and represent a promising source of omega-3 fatty acids. In this study, levels of glucose, yeast extract, sodium glutamate and sea salt were optimized for enhanced lipid and DHA production by a Malaysian isolate of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized medium contained 60 g/L glucose, 2 g/L yeast extract, 24 g/L sodium glutamate and 6 g/L sea salt. This combination produced 17.8 g/L biomass containing 53.9% lipid (9.6 g/L) which contained 44.07% DHA (4.23 g/L). The optimized medium was used in a scale-up run, where a 5 L bench-top bioreactor was employed to verify the applicability of the medium at larger scale. This produced 24.46 g/L biomass containing 38.43% lipid (9.4 g/L), of which 47.87% was DHA (4.5 g/L). The total amount of DHA produced was 25% higher than that produced in the original medium prior to optimization. This result suggests that Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 could be developed for industrial application as a commercial DHA-producing microorganism.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Fulltext Performance of wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in treating synthetic sewage loading using batch bioreactor

Mohd Hanafiah Z, Wan Mohtar WHM, Abu Hasan H, Jensen HS, Klaus A, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI

Sci Rep, 2019 11 06;9(1):16109.
PMID: 31695087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52493-y

The fluctuation of domestic wastewater characteristic inhibits the current conventional microbial-based treatment. The bioremediation fungi has received attention and reported to be an effective alternative to treat industrial wastewater. Similar efficient performance is envisaged for domestic wastewater whereby assessed performance of fungi for varying carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in domestic wastewater is crucial. Thus, the performance of pre-grown wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets (GLMPs) was evaluated on four different synthetic domestic wastewaters under different conditions of initial pH (pH 4, 5, and 7) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (COD/N) ratio of 3.6:1, 7.1:1, 14.2:1, and 17.8:1 (C3.6N1, C7.1N1, C14.2N1, and C17.8N1). The COD/N ratios with a constant concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) were chosen on the basis of the urban domestic wastewater characteristics sampled at the inlet basin of a sewage treatment plant (STP). The parameters of pH, COD, and NH3-N were measured periodically during the experiment. The wild-Serbian GLMPs efficiently removed the pollutants from the synthetic sewage. The COD/N ratio of C17.8N1 wastewater had the best COD and NH3-N removal, as compared to the lower COD/N ratio, and the shortest treatment time was obtained in an acidic environment at pH 4. The highest percentage for COD and NH3-N removal achieved was 96.0% and 93.2%, respectively. The results proved that the mycelium of GLMP has high potential in treating domestic wastewater, particularly at high organic content as a naturally sustainable bioremediation system.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors/microbiology
Fulltext Improved Biobutanol Production in 2-L Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation with Delayed Yeast Extract Feeding and in-situ Recovery

Salleh MSM, Ibrahim MF, Roslan AM, Abd-Aziz S

Sci Rep, 2019 05 15;9(1):7443.
PMID: 31092836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43718-1

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with delayed yeast extract feeding (DYEF) was conducted in a 2-L bioreactor equipped with in-situ recovery using a gas stripping in order to enhance biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This study showed that 2.88 g/L of biobutanol has been produced from SSF with a similar yield of 0.23 g/g as compared to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). An increase of 42% of biobutanol concentration was observed when DYEF was introduced in the SSF at 39 h of fermentation operation. Biobutanol production was further enhanced up to 11% with a total improvement of 72% when in-situ recovery using a gas stripping was implemented to reduce the solvents inhibition in the bioreactor. In overall, DYEF and in-situ recovery were able to enhance biobutanol production in SSF.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors/microbiology
Fulltext Kinetics study of membrane anaerobic system (MAS) in palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment

Asdarina, Y., Abdurrahman, H.N., Amirah, N.F.S., Natrah, S.A.R., Norasmah, M.M., Zulkafli, H.

Scientific Research Journal, 2015;12(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Increasing demands in palm oil industry hence resulting the production of palm oil to increase. It is then creating a major problem in disposing the waste to be treat in appropriate ways. The governments are forced to look for alternative technology for the palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment because the demand of oil increases with the awareness on increasing environmental issue. Therefore, a new technology must be found in order to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal requirements on emission and for cost reduction and also increased quality of water treatment. Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) is a promising alternative way to overcome these issues. In this study, the efficiency of the MAS performance increases to 99.03% in ten days operation. The application of Monod, Contois and Chen & Hashimoto models were used to analyze the performance of MAS for treating POME. The results from the experiment show the substrate removal model is well fits for estimation of kinetics membrane anaerobic system. Amongst them, the Contois and Monod models predicted the bio-kinetic reactions of the MAS very well with coefficient of determination (R2>97%) values. The MAS bioreactor was creating to be an improvement method as well as successful biological treatment since the graph shows linearized which is good agreement with reported in literature.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Fulltext Methane production from poultry waste; effect of different types of pre-treatment

Hazwani Hasmi, Asmida Ahmad, Faeiza Buyong

Science Letter, 2016;10(2):19-22.
MyJurnal

—Anaerobic digestion (AD) of biomass is a well-established process to produce renewable energy, where organic matter is converted to biogas by microorganism. High solid content and complex structure of sludge-derived organic matter, methane production during digestion is limited at the hydrolysis step. Therefore pre-treatment of substrate is a way to accelerate the hydrolysis step. This study aimed to identify the optimum pre-treatment method to increase the methane production from poultry waste prior anaerobic digestion. The poultry waste was mixed with water, pre-treated, seeded with inoculums. Chemical and thermochemical pre-treatment were performed with NaOH and Ca(OH)2. The AD was conducted in bioreactors and incubated in water bath at 37 °C for 15 days. Results obtained show that the highest methane yield was at the thermochemical pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2 with cumulative amount of methane at 1665.17 ppm followed by chemical pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2, thermochemical pre-treatment with NaOH and chemical pre-treatment with NaOH with cumulative amount of methane at 1381.76 ppm, 884.07 ppm and 607.98 ppm respectively. Based on the comparison of the results, the thermochemical pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2 is the best pre-treatment as it produced the highest methane yield.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Fulltext Bioprocess development for kefiran production by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens in semi industrial scale bioreactor

Dailin DJ, Elsayed EA, Othman NZ, Malek R, Phin HS, Aziz R, et al.

Saudi J Biol Sci, 2016 Jul;23(4):495-502.
PMID: 27298582 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.003

Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens is non-pathogenic gram positive bacteria isolated from kefir grains and able to produce extracellular exopolysaccharides named kefiran. This polysaccharide contains approximately equal amounts of glucose and galactose. Kefiran has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, an approach has been extensively studied to increase kefiran production for pharmaceutical application in industrial scale. The present work aims to maximize kefiran production through the optimization of medium composition and production in semi industrial scale bioreactor. The composition of the optimal medium for kefiran production contained sucrose, yeast extract and K2HPO4 at 20.0, 6.0, 0.25 g L(-1), respectively. The optimized medium significantly increased both cell growth and kefiran production by about 170.56% and 58.02%, respectively, in comparison with the unoptimized medium. Furthermore, the kinetics of cell growth and kefiran production in batch culture of L. kefiranofaciens was investigated under un-controlled pH conditions in 16-L scale bioreactor. The maximal cell mass in bioreactor culture reached 2.76 g L(-1) concomitant with kefiran production of 1.91 g L(-1).

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Solvent fermentation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Clostridium acetobutylicum in oscillatory flow bioreactor

Takriff M, Masngut N, Kadhum A, Kalil M, Mohammad A

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by C. acetobutylicum NCIMB 13357 in an oscillatory flow bioreactor was investigated. Experimental works were conducted in a U-shaped stainless steel oscillatory flow bioreactor at oscillation frequency between 0.45-0.78 Hz and a constant amplitude of 12.5 mm. Fermentations were carried out for 72 hr at 35oC using palm oil mill effluent and reinforced clostridia medium as a growth medium in batch culture. Result of this investigation showed that POME is a viable media for ABE fermentation and oscillatory flow bioreactor has an excellent potential as an alternative fermentation device.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Optimum conditions for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate from cassava wastewater by the newly isolated Cupriavidus sp. KKU38

Sangyoka S, Poomipuk N, Reungsang A

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1211-1216.

The Cassava starch manufacturing wastewater (CSW) was used as a substrate to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Cupriavidus sp. KKU38. The acidogenic fermentation process of CSW was first conducted to obtain volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are more efficient in PHB production than raw CSW. The effect on substrate concentration and nutrients, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, by means of chemical oxygen demand: nitrogen: phosphorus ratio (COD:N:P ratio) variation was investigated. The results indicated that PHB production from fermented CSW by Cupriavidus sp. KKU38 was optimized at the soluble COD:N:P ratio of 100:0.5:11. This ratio gave the maximum PHB content and yield of 85.53% and 0.31 g PHB/g COD consumed, respectively. By using the proposed PHB production process, the potential to produce 0.19 kg of PHB from 1.0 kg of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) contained in CSW was exhibited. The relatively high COD removal efficiency of 73.82% at the optimal condition could be achieved, which demonstrated the concept of water quality improvements alongside the production of the value-added by-product, PHB.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Efficiency of aerobic granulation technology in treating high strength soy sauce wastewater

Hasnida Harun, Aznah Nor-Anuar, Zaini Ujang, Inawati Othman, Nor Hasyimah Rosman

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1485-1490.

The present study investigated the efficiency of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology in treating effluent from soy sauce industry which is categorized as a high strength wastewater. The combination of anaerobic and aerobic granulation technology in SBR system was used in this study which was efficiently treated COD from the soy sauce wastewater where 87% of removal was achieved. Ammonia and colour was removed at a maximum of 87 and 76%, respectively, in the SBR system. Matured, dense and compact granules with 2.5 mm in diameters were developed with a good settling velocity (45 m/h) and 28 mL/gSS of sludge volume index (SVI). Hence, AGS technology was proven as an excellent treatment for soy sauce wastewater for being discharge into the environment, as the effluent was treated in one biological reactor with high hydraulic and organic loadings besides less production of sludge. In this study, the capabilities of AGS technology in treating relatively higher concentration of organic impurities present in the soy sauce wastewater were demonstrated.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Determination of diffusion coefficients and activation energy of selected organic liquids using reversed-flow gas chromatographic technique

Khalisanni Khalid, Rashid Atta Khan, Sharifuddin Mohd. Zain

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1109-1116.

Evaporation of vaporize organic liquid has ecological consequences when the compounds are introduced into both freshwater and marine environments through industrial effluents, or introduced directly into the air from industrial unit processes such as bioreactors and cooling towers. In such cases, a rapid and simple method are needed to measure physicochemical properties of the organic liquids. The Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography (RF-GC) sampling technique is an easy, fast and accurate procedure. It was used to measure the diffusion coefficients of vapors from liquid into a carrier gas and at the same time to determine the rate coefficients for the evaporation of the respective liquid. The mathematical expression describing the elution curves of the samples peaks was derived and used to calculate the respective parameters for the selected liquid pollutants selected such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane and n-hexadecane, evaporating into the carrier gas of nitrogen. The values of diffusion coefficients found were compared
with those calculated theoretically or reported in the literature. The values of evaporation rate were used to determine the activation energy of respective samples using Arrhenius equation. An interesting finding of this work is by using an alternative mathematical analysis based on equilibrium at the liquid-gas interphase, the comparison leads to profound
agreement between theoretical values of diffusion coefficients and experimental evidence.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Utilization of the white-rot fungus, trametes menziesii for landfill leachate treatment

Wan Razarinah W, Zalina MN, Noorlidah Abdullah

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:309-316.

The study monitored the characteristics of the leachate collected from ten different landfills and presented the experimental work for the treatment of leachate by immobilized Trametes menziesii. Variation in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) showed that the age of the leachate has a significant effect on its characteristics and composition. The BOD5/COD ratio tends to decrease as the age of leachate increases, varying from 0.71 for a relatively 'fresh' leachate to 0.62 for an older (more stabilized) one. Variations in the characteristics of the leachate suggested that these leachates are difficult to treat. The principal pollutants in the leachate samples were organic and ammonia loads. Treatment of leachate using immobilized Trametes menziesii achieved 89.14 and 2.11% removals for leachate BOD5 and COD, respectively. These findings suggested that using immobilized Trametes menziesii can remove promising percentage of BOD and COD leachate.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Effects of fermentation time and turning intervals on the physicochemical properties of rambutan (nephelium lappaceum l.) fruit sweatings

Kong Fei Chai, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan, Roselina Karim, Yaya Rukayadi, Hasanah Mohd Ghazali

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2311-2318.

Sweatings, the exudates that leach out from fermenting fruits during rambutan fruit fermentation are considered as
a waste by-product and are allowed to be drained off. This could lead to a pollution problem. Besides, it is a waste if
the sweatings are possible to be transformed into food products and ingredients. However, prior transformation, the
fundamental knowledge of the sweatings should be understood. Hence, the main aim of this study was to investigate
the physicochemical properties of sweatings as affected by fermentation time and turning intervals during natural
fermentation of rambutan fruits. In this study, peeled rambutan fruit was fermented for 8 days and turned. Different
batches of the fruits were turned every 24, 48 or 72 h and sweatings from the process were collected and analyzed.
The results showed that fermentation time significantly reduced (p<0.05) the yield, pH and sucrose content of the
sweatings by 79-84%, 32-33%, 76.5-80.8%, respectively. Fermentation time also significantly increased (p<0.05) the
titratable acidity, total soluble solids, fructose, glucose, total sugar, citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and ascorbic
acid contents of the sweatings by 5.6-6.0, 1.5-1.6, 2.4-2.6, 2.1-2.5, 1.0-1.1, 5.7-6.5, 2.4-2.6, 2.1-2.5 and 2.6-2.8 folds,
respectively. However, turning intervals did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the physicochemical properties of the
sweatings. High concentrations of sugars and organic acids allow the sweatings to have a balance of sweet and sour
taste and they are suitable to be used in the production of syrup, soft drinks, jam, jelly, marmalade and vinegar.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Efficiency of developed solid state bioreactor 'fermsostat' on cellulolytic and xylanase enzymes production

Lee CK, Darah I, Ibrahim C

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1249-1257.

FERMSOSTAT is a developed laboratory scale solid state fermenter. It is a horizontal stirrer drum bioreactor with about 70 L capacities. The fermenter is made of stainless steel which is anti-corrosive and non-toxic to the process organism. The fermenter is equipped with sets of control systems for temperature, agitation, aeration and also outlets for substrate sampling as well as inlets for inoculation and substrate additions. The uniqueness of this FERMSOSTAT system is its ability to carry out in situ substrate sterilization and extraction of enzymes at the end of SSF process. Moreover, the mixing system provided by FERMSOSTAT can be performed either full or half mixing as well as forward or reverse mixing. Furthermore, the mixing can be programmed to run at certain agitation rate and time interval during the fermentation process to prevent or reduce damage to the fungus mycelia. FERMSOSTAT is a developed SSF bioreactor and not an improvement of any existing one. The performances of FERMSOSTAT have been evaluated. Under optimum solid state fermentation conditions, about 63.4, 397 and 3.21 U/g of CMCase, xylanase and FPase activities were detected, which were higher compared to the tray system.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Bioprocess Optimization for Exopolysaccharides Production by Ganoderma lucidum in Semi-industrial Scale

Alsaheb RA, Zjeh KZ, Malek RA, Abdullah JK, El Baz A, El Deeb N, et al.

Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 2020;11(3):211-218.
PMID: 32178622 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200316153148

BACKGROUND: For many years, Ganoderma was highly considered as biofactory for the production of different types of bioactive metabolites. Of these bioactive compounds, polysaccharides gained much attention based on their high biotherapeutic properties. Therefore, special attention has been paid during the last years for the production of mushrooms bioactive compounds in a closed cultivation system to shorten the cultivation time and increase the product yield.
OBJECTIVES: This work focuses on the development of a simple cultivation strategy for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production using Ganoderma lucidum and submerged cultivation system.
METHODS: At first, the best medium supporting EPS production was chosen experimentally from the current published data. Second, like many EPS production processes, carbon and nitrogen concentrations were optimized to support the highest production of polysaccharides in the shake flask level. Furthermore, the process was scaled up in 16-L stirred tank bioreactor.
RESULTS: The results clearly demonstrated that the best cultivation strategy was cultivation under controlled pH conditions (pH 5.5). Under this condition, the maximal volumetric and specific yield of EPS production were, 5.0 g/L and 0.42 g/g, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The current results clearly demonstrate the high potential use of submerged cultivation system as an alternative to conventional solid-state fermentation for EPS production by G. lucidum. Furthermore, the optimization of both carbon and nitrogen sources concentration and scaling up of the process showed a significant increase in both volumetric and specific EPS production.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae for production of biodiesel

Mohamed MS, Wei LZ, Ariff AB

Recent Pat Biotechnol, 2011 Aug;5(2):95-107.
PMID: 21707527

High cell density cultivation of microalgae via heterotrophic growth mechanism could effectively address the issues of low productivity and operational constraints presently affecting the solar driven biodiesel production. This paper reviews the progress made so far in the development of commercial-scale heterotrophic microalgae cultivation processes. The review also discusses on patentable concepts and innovations disclosed in the past four years with regards to new approaches to microalgal cultivation technique, improvisation on the process flow designs to economically produced biodiesel and genetic manipulation to confer desirable traits leading to much valued high lipid-bearing microalgae strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Investigation of the gibberellic acid optimization with a statistical tool from Penicillium variable in batch reactor

Isa NK, Mat Don M

Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2014;44(6):572-85.
PMID: 24499362 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.844707

The culture conditions for gibberellic acid (GA3) production by the fungus Penicillium variable (P. variable) was optimized using a statistical tool, response surface methodology (RSM). Interactions of culture conditions and optimization of the system were studied using Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three levels of three variables in a batch flask reactor. Experimentation showed that the model developed based on RSM and BBD had predicted GA3 production with R(2) = 0.987. The predicted GA3 production was optimum (31.57 mg GA3/kg substrate) when the culture conditions were at 7 days of incubation period, 21% v/w of inoculum size, and 2% v/w of olive oil concentration as a natural precursor. The results indicated that RSM and BBD methods were effective for optimizing the culture conditions of GA3 production by P. variable mycelia.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors
Statistical optimization of green fluorescent protein production from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)

Chew FN, Tan WS, Boo HC, Tey BT

Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2012;42(6):535-50.
PMID: 23030465 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.660903

An optimized cultivation condition is needed to maximize the functional green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. Six process variables (agitation rate, temperature, initial medium pH, concentration of inducer, time of induction, and inoculum density) were screened using the fractional factorial design. Three variables (agitation rate, temperature, and time of induction) exerted significant effects on functional GFP production in E. coli shake flask cultivation and were optimized subsequently using the Box-Behnken design. An agitation rate of 206 rpm at 31°C and induction of the protein expression when the cell density (OD(600nm)) reaches 1.04 could enhance the yield of functional GFP production from 0.025 g/L to 0.241 g/L, which is about ninefold higher than the unoptimized conditions. Unoptimized cultivation conditions resulted in protein aggregation and hence reduced the quantity of functional GFP. The model and regression equation based on the shake flask cultivation could be applied to a 2-L bioreactor for maximum functional GFP production.

Matched MeSH terms: Bioreactors/standards

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