MyMedR

A cross-sectional study of hepatitis B immune status in Asian children in Singapore

Quak SH, Singh R, Oon CJ, Wong HB

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1982 Jun;2(2):53-6.

A study of race-related distribution of hepatitis B markers was conducted in 458 children admitted consecutively to Singapore General Hospital. The positive rates for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Chinese, Malays and Indians were 11.2, 8.0 and 12.2% respectively and the corresponding figures for anti-HBs were 30.2, 12.0 and 14.6%. In Chinese children HBsAg prevalence was shown to be sex-related, being higher in males than females. The percentages of Chinese children positive for anti-HBs and anti-HBc were also higher than those of the Indians. This study confirmed that Singapore children were exposed to hepatitis B infection from early life. All three races were equally susceptible to this infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Thalassaemia in Singapore: problems and solutions

Wong HB

Family Practitioner, 1984;7:75-86.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Management of thalassaemia in West Malaysia: practical implications

George E, Wong HB

Family Physician, 1993;5:42-46.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Socioecological differences in factors associated with inconsistent condom use with female sex workers and casual partners: an observational study of heterosexual men attending an anonymous HIV testing clinic in Singapore

Takashima K, Yeoh GWJ, Chua HE, Ting PLM, Chong JY, Tan RKJ, et al.

Sex Health, 2019 11;16(6):593-595.

PMID: 31615617 DOI: 10.1071/SH18230

Sexual practices among heterosexual men may differ between female sex workers (FSWs) and casual partners. We surveyed 203 heterosexual men and investigated the attributes associated with inconsistent condom use among them. Lower educational attainment was positively associated with inconsistent condom use with FSWs (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 2.63; P = 0.018) and casual partners (aPR 1.55; P = 0.022), whereas early age of sexual debut (aPR 3.00; P = 0.012) and alcohol use during sex (aPR 7.95; P < 0.001) were positively associated with inconsistent condom use with FSWs. Socioecological factors may explain such differences.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Targets of population in Singapore

Wolfers D

Med J Malaya, 1965 Sep;20(1):11-8.

PMID: 4221406

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

A preliminary note on the influence of hen egg yolk on haemopoiesis

Wodak H

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1939;3:258-78.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Spiritual well-being and moral distress among Iranian nurses

Soleimani MA, Sharif SP, Yaghoobzadeh A, Sheikhi MR, Panarello B, Win MTM

Nurs Ethics, 2019 Jun;26(4):1101-1113.

PMID: 27312198 DOI: 10.1177/0969733016650993

BACKGROUND: Moral distress is increasingly recognized as a problem affecting healthcare professionals, especially nurses. If not addressed, it may create job dissatisfaction, withdrawal from the moral dimensions of patient care, or even encourage one to leave the profession. Spiritual well-being is a concept which is considered when dealing with problems and stress relating to a variety of issues.

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine the relationship between spiritual well-being and moral distress among a sample of Iranian nurses and also to study the determinant factors of moral distress and spiritual well-being in nurses.

RESEARCH DESIGN: A cross-sectional, correlational design was employed to collect data from 193 nurses using the Spiritual Well-Being Scale and the Moral Distress Scale-Revised.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study was approved by the Regional Committee of Medical Research Ethics. The ethical principles of voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality were considered.

FINDINGS: Mean scores of spiritual well-being and moral distress were 94.73 ± 15.89 and 109.56 ± 58.70, respectively. There was no significant correlation between spiritual well-being and moral distress (r = -.053, p = .462). Marital status and job satisfaction were found to be independent predictors of spiritual well-being. However, gender and educational levels were found to be independent predictors for moral distress. Age, working in rotation shifts, and a tendency to leave the current job also became significant after adjusting other factors for moral distress.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study could not support the relationship between spiritual well-being and moral distress. However, the results showed that moral distress is related to many elements including individual ideals and differences as well as organizational factors. Informing nurses about moral distress and its consequences, establishing periodic consultations, and making some organizational arrangement may play an important role in the identification and management of moral distress and spiritual well-being.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Fulltext Responding to extremes: managing urban water scarcity in the late nineteenth-century Straits Settlements

Williamson F

Water Hist, 2020 Oct 29.

PMID: 33144897 DOI: 10.1007/s12685-020-00260-6

In 1877, the major towns of the Straits Settlements-Singapore, George Town, Penang Island and Malacca-suffered a drought of exceptional magnitude. The drought's natural instigator was the El Niño phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, a climatic phenomenon then not understood by contemporary observers. The 1877 event has been explored in some depth for countries including India, China and Australia. Its impact on Southeast Asia however is less well-known and the story of how the event unfolded in Singapore and Malaysia has not been told. This paper explores how the contemporary British government responded to the drought, arguing that its impact on hydraulic management was at best minimal yet, it did have impact on other areas, such as forest reservation with the hope of preserving future rainfall. It also highlights how, in contrast to studies on urban water plans in other British Asian colonies, the colonial authorities in the Straits Settlements had a far less coherent and meaningful relationship with water in their town planning schemes. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

A preliminary survey of ophthalmological practice in Singapore

Williamson AD

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1937;1:173-83.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Common diseases of children as seen in the general hospital, Singapore

Williams CD

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1938;2:113-23.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease

Banerjee S, Gupta N, Kodan P, Mittal A, Ray Y, Nischal N, et al.

Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2019 Feb;8(1):1-8.

PMID: 30881850 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01130

Nipah virus, an enveloped ribonucleic acid virus, has been a major cause of encephalitis out-breaks with high mortality, primarily in the Indo-Bangladesh regions. Except for the first outbreak in Malaysia-Singapore, which was related to contact with pigs and the outbreak in Philippines associated with horse slaughter, most other outbreaks have affected the Indo- Bangladesh regions. The Indo-Bangladesh outbreaks were associated with consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated by fruit bats and had a very high secondary attack rate. The patient usually presents with fever, encephalitis and/or respiratory involvement with or without thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and transaminitis. Diagnosis can be confirmed by isolation and nucleic acid amplification in the acute phase or antibody detection during the convalescent phase. Treatment is mostly limited to supportive care and syndromic management of acute encephalitis syndrome. Ribavirin, m102.4 monoclonal antibody and favipiravir are the only anti-virals with some activity against Nipah virus. Standard precautions, hand hygiene and personal protective equipments are the cornerstone of comprehensive infection prevention and control strategy. With the recent outbreaks affecting newer geographical areas, there is a need for physicians to be aware of this disease and keep abreast of its current detection and management strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Mammographic screening practices among Chinese-Australian women

Kwok C, Fethney J, White K

J Nurs Scholarsh, 2012 Mar;44(1):11-8.

PMID: 22151348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01429.x

To report mammographic screening practice among Chinese-Australian women, and to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics, acculturation factors (English proficiency and length of stay in Australia), cultural beliefs, and having a mammogram as recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore/ethnology

2beta-Hydroxy-4'-demethyldesoxy-podophyllotoxin

Du Boulay D, Shaari K, Skelton BW, Waterman PG, White AH

Acta Crystallogr C, 2000 Feb;56 ( Pt 2):199-200.

PMID: 10777886

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

A study of immunoglobulin levels among Singapore infants and children

Paul FM, Leng T, Wee R

J Singapore Paediatr Soc, 1972 Apr;14(1):1-16.

PMID: 4626321

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) polymorphism among ethnic groups in Singapore with report of additional alleles at loci 1 and 2

Bhattacharyya SP, Saha N, Wee KP

Gene Geogr, 1989 Apr;3(1):21-6.

PMID: 2487053

Glutathione S-transferases (GST; E.C.2.5.1.18) were phenotyped by starch gel electrophoresis in post-mortem liver samples from 683 unrelated subjects of both sexes. 305 were Chinese, 185 Indians, 147 Malays and 46 from other racial groups of South-East Asia. GST1 and GST2 were found to be polymorphic in these populations. Additional alleles (GST1*3 and GST2*O) were observed at low frequency in all the ethnic groups. The frequency of GST1*1 was lower and that of GST1*2 was higher in Indians and Malays as compared to Chinese. GST1*0 and GST1*3 frequencies were similar in all these ethnic groups. The gene frequencies of the alleles of the GST2 locus varied significantly in the population studied. GST2*0 frequency was significantly higher in Indians than in Chinese and Malays, while the lowest frequency of GST2*1 was found in the Indians. GST2*2 frequency was higher in the Malays than in Chinese and Indians. GST1 and GST2 phenotype distributions were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the ethnic groups studied. Sex made no significant difference in the phenotype distribution.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Fulltext Vitamin A reserve of liver in health and coronary heart disease among ethnic groups in Singapore

Saha N, Ng TB, Tan PY, Wee KP

Br J Nutr, 1988 Nov;60(3):407-12.

PMID: 3219311 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19880112

1. The vitamin A content of human liver tissue was determined in 363 autopsy samples. The sample comprised a total of 181 subjects dying after accidents and 182 dying from coronary heart disease among Singapore ethnic groups of both sexes. 2. The medium vitamin A reserve was 146 mg/kg in accident victims and 141 mg/kg in those who had died of coronary heart disease. Of all the samples 16% contained less than 40 mg/kg, 45% had 100-300 mg/kg, while 9% contained more than 500 mg/kg liver. 3. Among the accident victims, Indians had the lowest median liver vitamin A reserve (118 mg/kg) compared with that in other ethnic groups (137 mg/kg in Chinese, 191 mg/kg in Malays, 155 mg/kg in Caucasians). 4. The ethnic distribution of vitamin A reserve in coronary deaths was similar to that in accident victims. 5. There was no significant difference between the sexes in hepatic vitamin A reserve. 6. The distribution of vitamin A reserve in all the groups was skewed to the right.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Fulltext The impact of plurality in Malaysia-Singapore relations post Malaya

Ayu Nor Azilah Mohamad, Mohamed Ali Haniffa, Wayu Nor Asikin Mohamad

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2018;3(3):53-63.

MyJurnal

This article discusses the impact of plurality on Malaysia-Singapore relations after the formation of
Malaysia on September 16, 1963. The establishment of the Federation of Malaysia agreement was
signed in London on July 8, 1963 by the representatives of the British government, the Federation of
Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. All parties agreed to the change in name from Federation of
Malaya to Malaysia. The declaration of Malaysia was made on September 16, 1963 simultaneously
throughout the country. This study uses secondary sources and library research methods. The findings
show that Singapore's existence in Malaysia was seen to have raised racial issues leading to the
separation of Singapore from Malaysia on August 9, 1965. Ethnic-related problems need to be
addressed wisely in order to not be a threat to racial relations among the plural society in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

Fulltext The lived experiences of chronic pain among immigrant Indian-Canadian women: A phenomenological analysis

Mustafa N, Einstein G, MacNeill M, Watt-Watson J

Can J Pain, 2020 Sep 24;4(3):40-50.

PMID: 33987510 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2020.1768835

Background: Chronic pain is a growing public health concern affecting 1.5 million people in Canada. In particular, it is a concern among the expanding immigrant population, because immigrant groups report higher pain intensity than non-immigrants. In 2011, the Indian population became the largest visible minority group and continues to be the fastest growing. Though the prevalence of chronic pain among Canadian Indians is unknown, research has found a higher prevalence among Indian women than men in India, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom, with women reporting more severe pain. An understanding of how pain is experienced by this particular group is therefore important for providing culturally sensitive care.

Aims: This study explores the lived experiences of chronic pain among immigrant Indian women in Canada.

Methods: Thirteen immigrant Indian women participated in one-on-one interviews exploring daily experiences of chronic pain.

Results: Using thematic analysis informed by van Manen's phenomenology of practice, four themes emerged: (1) the body in pain, (2) pain in the context of lived and felt space, (3) pain and relationships, and (4) pain and time. Women revealed that their experiences were shaped by gender roles and expectations enforced through culture. Specifically, a dual gender role was identified after immigration, in which women had to balance traditional household responsibilities of family labor and care alongside employment outside the home, exacerbating pain.

Conclusions: This research uncovers the multifaceted nature of chronic pain and identifies factors within the sociocultural context that may place particular groups of women at greater risk of living with pain.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore

The 1996 Runme Shaw Memorial Lecture: malaria--past, present and future

Warrell DA

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1997 May;26(3):380-7.

PMID: 9285035

Falciparum malaria may have infected Homo sapiens (and perhaps H erectus) in the Asia Pacific region for more than 100,000 years. This estimate is based on the gene frequency of alpha-thalassaemia, the protection it affords against falciparum malaria and assumptions of untreated mortality from the infection. Up until the end of the 19th century, there was a high mortality from malaria in the coastal parts of Malaya, but the malaria control campaign, begun in 1901 at Klang, was described by Sir Ronald Ross as the first successful antimalarial work in the (then) British Empire. This was extended to Singapore in 1911. When the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine held its Fifth Biennial Congress in Singapore in 1923, malaria was still a major killing disease in parts of Malaya and Sarawak. The mechanism of life-threatening malaria involves cytoadherence of parasitised erythrocytes in microvascular beds, a process enhanced by the products of macrophage activation induced by malarial pyrogen. Improvements in the chemotherapy of life-threatening falciparum malaria with chloroquine and quinine have been countered by the emergence of resistant strains. Artemisinin derivatives may become the treatment of choice during the coming decade. Apart from traditional anti-mosquito methods, control of malaria now involves the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, new entomological strategies, including genetic manipulation of mosquitoes and selective chemoprophylaxis. Antigenic diversity and antigenic variation of the malaria parasite have so far defeated attempts to produce an effective vaccine.

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore/epidemiology

Fulltext Ethnic differences in anthropometry among adult Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and their effects on lung volumes

Yap WS, Chan CC, Chan SP, Wang YT

Respir Med, 2001 Apr;95(4):297-304.

PMID: 11316113

When standing height (StndHt) cannot be assessed, arm span (AS) or sitting height (SitHt) has been used as surrogate variables for prediction of StndHt in adult caucasians and blacks. We examined (1) the relationship between StndHt, AS and SitHt among adult Chinese, Malays and Indians; and (2) whether anthropometry could explain the ethnic differences in lung volumes (as StndHt-adjusted lung volumes are known to differ significantly: Chinese > Malays > Indians). We recruited 1250 consecutive outpatients aged 20-90 years. Prediction equations of StndHt (with AS, SitHt, weight, age as predictors) for each subgroup of race and sex were formulated with multiple linear regressions. Equations with both AS and SitHt as predictors had the best goodness of fit (SEE = 2.37-2.85 cm, adjusted R2 = 0.67-0.87), as compared to equations with either AS (SEE = 3.00-3.91 cm, adjusted R2 = 0.58-0.80) or SitHt alone (SEE = 3.48-4.00 cm, adjusted R2 = 0.45-0.76). GLM general factorial analyses found that age- and weight-adjusted SitHt-to-StndHt ratios differed significantly among Chinese (0.539), Malays (0.529) and Indians (0.518). This paralleled the ethnic differences in lung volumes. The equations with both AS and SitHt as predictors provide the most accurate estimate of StndHt. Ethnic differences in upper body segment length may explain in part the lung volume differences.
Study site: Respiratory clinic, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

Matched MeSH terms: Singapore/ethnology

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