Kerajaan Malaysia telah memberikan penumpuan terhadap aspek keselamatan dan pembangunan
pertahanan sejak dari kemerdekaan negara lagi. Pada ketika ini, ancaman yang dihadapi oleh negara
adalah melibatkan dua bentuk ancaman iaitu ancaman dari dalam negara dan ancaman dari luar negara.
Kebanyakkan negara khususnya di rantau Asia Tenggara telah mencapai kemerdekaan di antara tahun
1950-an dan 1960-an. Sebagai sebuah negara yang juga boleh dikategorikan juga baru mencapai
kemerdekaan, negara-negara di rantau Asia Tenggara ini tidak lari dari menghadapi pelbagai ancaman
yakni ancaman dari sudut dalaman negara seperti ancaman pemberontakan komunis semasa insurgensi,
konflik etnik, ketidakstabilan politik, rusuhan kaum, masalah perpaduan dan sebagainya telah menjadi
faktor yang juga telah mempengaruhi perbentukan Dasar Pertahanan Negara (DPN). Manakala
ancaman dari sudut luar seperti persempadan, persaingan kuasa besar antara Amerika Syarikat dan
Kesatuan Soviet semasa perang dingin yang juga menyebabkan berlakunya ketidakstabilan politik,
konflik dan peperangan di rantau Asia Tenggara, persaingan ideologi, ketegangan hubungan dan
konflik hubungan antara negara, ancaman terrorisme dan pemberontakan serta sebagainya telah
mempengaruhi dan memaksa negara Malaysia untuk membangun serta memodenkan sistem pertahanan
negara.
“Fenomena anarki” telah mempengaruhi kebanyakan negara untuk memberikan tumpuan dan
perhatian terhadap pembangunan Angkatan ketenteraan bagi menjamin keselamatan untuk tujuan
kelangsungan hidup. Manakala merujukkan kepada teori neo-realisme, teori ini mengatakan dilema
keselamatan sebagai situasi yang sentiasa ada ancaman yang cuba untuk menggugat keselamatan
negara mahupun ianya dari bentuk unsur ancaman tradisional mahupun dari unsur dari ancaman bukan
dari tradisional. Akibat dari senario keselamatan dan sifat anarki dalam sistem antarabangsa, keadaan
ini akan menyebabkan negara perlu bergantung pada diri sendiri untuk kelangsungan hidup. Ini
merujuk kepada konsep self help atau self reliance di mana setiap negara mempunyai kepentingan
negara mereka tersendiri dalam meneruskan kelangsungan hidup dalam sistem antarabangsa. Melihat
dari sudut Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM,) perspektif pembangunan dan pemodenan ATM semasa
era Perang Dingin dan Pasca Perang Dingin ternyata mempunyai perubahan yang signifikan di mana
pembangunan ATM sebelum tahun 1990 lebih bersifat konvensional dan pasca Perang Dingin
memperlihatkan pembangunan ATM bersifat lebih strategik.
Telecommuting refers to the work option that enables telecommuters to work outside of the office. It
allows telecommuters to have a direct contact with those inside and outside of the organization by
using information and communication technologies. Despite the continuous effort by Malaysia’s
government, the implementation and occurrence of telecommuting practice in Malaysia had not gained
full support from many local companies. Consequently, the Malaysian workforce has suffered from
low-level performance and poor productivity due to the lack of flexibility in task accomplishment.
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate whether the impacts of telecommuting
engagement (i.e. job autonomy, work-family balance, work productivity, and level of occupational
stress) lead to employee’s performance. This research aims to identify the most dominant impact of
telecommuting engagement that leads to the employee performance. The study has adopted a
correlational research and cross-sectional survey research design to explore the relationship between
variables. There were 229 respondents who practice telecommuting work arrangement. They were
chosen from 11 oil and gas companies located in Kuantan, Pahang. The findings of the study had
revealed that all of the telecommuting impacts which consists of the job autonomy, work-family
balance, work productivity and level of occupational stress have a significant relationship with the
employee performance at r = .923, p < 0.05, r = .734, p < 0.05, r = .817, p < 0.05, and r = .408, p < 005
respectively. Job autonomy was found the most dominant impact of telecommuting engagement that
leads to the employee performance with r = .923, p < 0.05. The positive experiences and knowledge
possessed by the telecommuters in the oil and gas industry helped to increase the level of motivation
and maintain the good mental and physical state of employees. The exercise of the proper balance
between the personal and professional life could guarantee the high employees’ performance among
the telecommuters. Hence, it is suggested for the government to promote and develop more appropriate
policies regarding telecommuting practice in Malaysia. The purpose is to enhance the level of
acceptance towards the work arrangement among the local society. Moreover, the active approaches by
the government can stimulate the implementation of telecommuting in this country as people will have
more proper guidelines to assist the work practices. Telecommuting work arrangement helps to achieve
excellent performance in an organization.
Previous studies approved that not all lesson activities are suitable for gifted and talented students.
This study is designed to identify what are the proper musical activities that can fill the needs of gifted
and talented students in Malaysia. The research sample is among gifted and talented students from the
whole Malaysia who are studying in Pusat PERMATApintar Negara. Result in this study may be used
as reference for educators who want to teach music on gifted and talented children, so that educators
may choose the right and effective activities to implement on those children. Therefore, the researcher
collects data using Focus Group Discussion Techique,and Indepth Interview on gifted and talented
children who had experienced music in formal class. Observation is also conducted in music classes in
Pusat PERMATApintar Negara to identify their behavioral on the musical activities conducted. Result
reveals that all the students believe the most proper musical activities are playing musical instruments, performance, music theory and singing. Teachers may attract students’ attention by using interactive
learning apparatus, relates theory and practical, and justify the importance of music study.
The purpose of this study is to examine the level of readiness amongstudents in terms of knowledge,
skills and attitudes in using historical resources as history teaching and learning materials in secondary
schools. The design of this study is a quantitative research that uses survey method involving a total of
521 form four students from secondary schools using simple random sampling technique. The
questionnaire are used in this study which has been verified by the content expert dan has a good
realiability value. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as MONOVA
and Correlation Pearson using "IBM SPSS Statistics”version 24.The findings of this study indicate that
the level of readiness amongsecondary history students in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes in
using historical resources as teaching and learning materials are at moderate level. Beside that, school
location influences the level of readiness and there a relationship between levels of readiness with
school location among students.Implication of this study can help history teachers know the level of their student knowledge, skills and attitudes toward using historical sources before carrying out in their
lessons.
This paper discusses the roles and challenges of the national language, which is Malay as a language in
uniting the various ethnic groups in Sabah. On September 16, 1963, the Federation of Malaysia was
officially declared which comprised of the Malay States, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. In line with
that, the special provisions on the national language in Sabah are contained in Article 161 of the
national constitution. Although the provision of the constitution clarify that Sabah was given a 10-year
period to use Malay and English as the official languages but later on September 16, 1973 the Malay language was declared the sole official language for the state of Sabah. Hence, various efforts have
been made by the government to ensure the national language can play its role as a language that can
unite the various ethnic groups in Sabah. However, ethnic diversity with their own ethnic mother
tongue languages has resulted in the Malay language as a national language as well as the language of
unity to face many challenges. Therefore, the discussion in this paper is focused on policies undertaken
by the government to strengthen the national language in various fields in Sabah and the challenges
faced by the national language to foster unity among the various ethnic communities in the state. This
study was conducted using a qualitative analysis approach and used archive study methods as well as
library study to obtain research information sources. This study will produce an analysis that can be
used as a reference to improve or formulate policies particularly in matters that benefit in strengthening
the multi-ethnic communities in Sabah.
There are a few types of expenditures in Malay wedding. Hence, this research reports on wedding
expenditures practice by Malay in Malaysia. Some of the wedding expenditures practiced by Malay are
bride price and invitation cards. Through extensive observation, it can be said that the society often
confuses between the bride price (hantaran) with marriage settlement (mas kahwin). Besides that,
society also prefers to organize a grandeur wedding to the extent that the wedding becomes a burden on
them. This research also discusses how a small bride price and a decent wedding can fulfill one of the
maqasid al-syariah which is preserving one’s possession. Researchers use library research as the
primary method to obtain information on the origin and value of bride price (hantaran kahwin) in ‘urf
Melayu, and the analysis on wedding expenditures promoted by Islamic religion. Research findings
show that Islamic religion does not forbid cultural wedding expenditures, however, it must be
moderate, considerate, and is not burdening.
As one of the states within the Federation of Malaysia, Sabah has inherited the characteristics of a
developing country’s security management. The threats are not only driven by external but also from
internal sources. As such, this article analyzes threats to Sabah's security predicaments. By using the
National Security Theory of Developing Countries and Securitization Theory as the basis for
discussion, the article explores and discusses how Sabah's security management have been influenced
by several variables such as local political influences, federal-state relations, and societal’s state
loyalty. The article concludes that Sabah’s security threats have been securitised by local political and
community leaders. But, the success of securitising the threats depend on how security actors at the
federal level are convinced with the omnipresent threats.
Negotiation is a crucial tool for resolving a dispute. The outcome of every negotiation relies heavily on
the negotiation strategies of the parties involved, the exchange of information and their characters
during the negotiation process. Considering distributive approach, the negotiators are more interested
in the maximization of personal achievements as they are not concern in collective or joint success with
their partners. One of the key requirements for the integrative strategy is cooperation between the
negotiators while distributive strategy is purely for a competitive approach. These two types of
strategies distributive and integrative are in relation to the behavior and attitudes negotiators normally
display in a negotiation table: cooperative and competitive. The reason why negotiators commonly
used cooperative and competitive strategies are mentioned in this paper, distributive and integrative
strategies are also summarized. Follow by possible solution of overcoming the negotiation challenges
is discussed.
This study aimed to examine the influence of self-regulation as mediator of internet behavior and
perceptions of risky sexual behavior among public university students. The method used is by survey.
The research tools used include the Persepsi Tingkah laku Seksual Berisiko, the Internet Sex Screening
Test, and the Adolescent Self-Regulation Inventory. The sample consisted of 882 Public University
students selected using simple random sampling techniques. The collected data were analyzed using
SPSS 25.0 package. The result shows that self-regulation had a significant mediating effect on internet
behavior on responding to risky sexual behavior. This effect can be identified primarily in one of the
dimensions of online behavior, which is online sexual spending. The result obtained are very important
to prove that self-regulation among students has a mediating effect on their behavior while surfing the internet with perceptions of risky sexual behavior. The results of the study can also enhance students'
understanding and awareness of the role of self-regulation in defining goals and actions. Universities
can use research information to design programs that enhance student self regulation as they are among
the professional groups that inherit the nation's development.
Research has shown that smoking has bad implications on smokers and society as a whole. For that
matter, the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOHM) have taken various initiatives through information
technology and social media to educate the public and students about the negative effects of smoking.
The objective of this study is to identify the level of awareness among students on factors which lead to
smoking behaviour and the negative effects it has on society. This study was conducted on 228
students at the Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Islamic Science University of Malaysia. The
research is quantitative in nature using questionnaire method. The quantitative data were then analysed
descriptively in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to obtain the frequency and percentage.
The finding of the study shows that the level of students’ awareness on factors leading to smoking
habit is at a satisfactory level. The students are aware that peers are the main contributing factor
towards smoking habit. The level of awareness on the harmful effects of smoking is also at a
satisfactory level. The students’ awareness is influenced by their field of study which is Islamic studies
as well as their modest purchasing power considering their average family income range from RM1000
to RM3000. The conclusion of the study is the importance to educate students on the harmful effects of
smoking, as well as to maintain the level of awareness among them.
The Malaysian Constitution has set Malay language as the official language of the country and the
medium of teaching and learning (Noraien Mansor & Noor Rohana Mansor, 2013). The usage of the Malay language should not be disturbed as it becomes an important medium in establishing and
strengthening the harmonious and unity of the Malaysian society. However, it is found today that the
solidification of Malay language has continuously been challenged and undermined it as a national and
unity language as a result of the influence and development of the world's new order which shows that
the usage of English language has been prioritised in the field of education, employment and
communication (Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, 2010). The emphasis on the importance of science and
technology as well as English language has been resulted in losing confidence towards the Malay
language among some individuals including the non-Malay students from the private universities and
those who are using English language as their learning medium. Furthermore, there is a group of
students who are more convenience in using their mother tongues languages than the Malay language.
This study aims to discuss the issue of the usage of Malay language in the private higher education
institutions and to analyse the weaknesses in the usage of Malay language among the private university
students. Hence, a study was conducted on 100 private university students by using random sampling
methods. The findings reveal that the level of strengthening of Malay language among the private
university students is moderate. This is due to the issues of Malay language usage in the private
universities including the students' priorities on the English language, lacking of fluency in Malay
language, lacking of co-operation and efforts among the lecturers and university management, lacking
of emphasis on constitutional meanings and lacking of confidence on the status of Malay language.
Thus, the scenario in strengthening the Malay language among the private university students should
not be undervalued but need to be strengthened prior to the threat of destruction as Malay language has
the greatest potential in various fields and this generation is able to shape the stability of social
relations as well as the continuity of the Malay language in the Malaysian civilization.
Accessible tourism is considered new-partially conceptual that being implemented in the tourism
industry. This study carry out to investigate and to determine disabled people in engage with the
tourism activities in Kuala Lumpur City. This study uses qualitative of face-to-face interview and
quantitative of questionnaire survey. Five domains had been set for interview purposes, while
questionnaire survey involved with two main parts, namely demographic profile and the experienced of
disabled people in expose to tourism activities in Kuala Lumpur city. This questionnaire uses
Thurstone scale and Likert scale. Complete collection data will be input using SPSS v.23 for analysis.
The result indicates majority participants are positively agreed that infrastructure or services, as well as
information map should be prepared in appropriated ways would increase the accessible tourism. The
education also plays an important role that able to sustain the accessible tourism industry for longer
term. Nevertheless, most of participants are partially disagreed in the facilities provided, which likely
to refer to the public toilets and transportations, as well as hotels management that should serve
specialty to disabled people. They do opinion that public facilities should be upgrade, as well as
comment on the hotel staffs should undergo for training and behave friendlier attitude, which important
to provide comfortable condition towards the disabled people. This study suggests disabled people
have self-encouraged in engage with the tourism activities in Kuala Lumpur. At the same time, further
study in exploratory, understandable, and predictable on accessible tourism are required, especially
involved in the sub-urban and rural area that provide facilities and services for the tourism industry.
Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengenalpasti secara terperinci tentang kursus kokurikulum
berteraskan pembelajaran servis (CSL) dan kecenderungan pemilihan kursus mengikut persepktif
pelajar diploma di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (UTMKL). Kepentingan dalam
berkokurikulum sangat penting dalam mengukuhkan sifat insaniah dalam diri seorang pelajar yang
cemerlang. Kajian ini melibatkan 406 responden daripada 1,904 jumlah populasi pelajar diploma
UTMKL. Data dikumpul melalui instrumen borang soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada pelajar diploma
UTMKL. Analisis kajian mendapati terdapat pelbagai jenis kokurikulum dibahagikan mengikut empat
(4) kluster masing-masing yang dikenal pasti bagi objektif pertama. Objektif kedua pula adalah
mengenal pasti kecenderungan pelajar terhadap pilihan kursus CSL ini. Didapati bahawa kursus yang
berteraskan kesukarelawan mencatatkan kecenderungan yang paling tinggi. Manakala skor kursus
Memanah dari kluster sukan, rekreasi dan kebudayaan pula mencatatkan skor pelajar yang paling tinggi
kecerungan pelajarnya. Kesimpulannya, walaupun jumlah respondan hanya 21.32% dari bilangan
populasi yang memberikan maklumbalas kepada kajian ini, namun ia dapat memberikan indikator
kepada kecenderungan pemilihan kursus CSL mengikut persektif pelajar diploma UTMKL. Hasil
daripada kajian ini boleh digunapakai dalam membuat perancangan penawaran kursus CSL mengikut
pilihan dan kehendak pelajar.
Kajian yang dilakukan adalah bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan diantara peranan jurulatih dengan
interaksi sosial dalam pendidikan luar. Seramai 113 responden telah terlibat di dalam kajian ini yang
merupakan peserta yang hadir ke Pusat Kokurikulum Sabah. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan
instrumen soal selidik yang telah disesuaikan dengan iklim pendidikan luar Pusat Kokurikulum Sabah.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan nilai min bagi peranan jurulatih (4.40) dan interaksi sosial (4.23)
mempunyai interpretasi pada tahap yang tinggi memandangkan ia berada dalam lingkungan nilai 4.01
hingga 5.00. Manakala hasil korelasi menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif yang kuat dan signifikan
(r=0.524, k < 0.05). Justeru, dapatan kajian ini telah membawa kepada dua perkara iaitu bahagian teori
yang menyokong keselarian teori mengenai peranan jurulatih dalam mencorakkan interaksi sosial,
memahami dan membantu peserta meneruskan misi atau hala tuju dalam menyelesaikan sesebuah
perkara. Manakala bahagian praktikalnya menjelaskan bahawa kemampuan campur tangan jurulatih
dalam sesebuah program pendidikan luar akan membawa corak interaksi sosial yang bersifat lebih baik
berbanding tanpa bantuan jurulatih.
Malaysia is facing a shortage of blood supply despite blood donation campaigns and drives; the
number of donors remains low. Understanding donors and potential donors will provide a basis to
develop effective approaches of reaching them. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify
specific socio-demographic characteristics and factors influencing the intention to donate blood among
working adults in Malaysia. Driven by positivist approach and based on the Theory of Planned
Behaviour, data were collected from 295 working adults. The data was analysed using Partial Least
Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The findings indicated that attitude,
subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are the predictors for working adult’s intention to
donate blood. The results revealed are believed to be valuable for the National Blood Centre to develop
strategies to motivate, recruit and sustain sufficient number of blood donors. It is suggested that future
studies should explore donor’s perception and expectation to identify factors that have positive or
negative effects on their motivation or have already deterred them from donating blood.
The cyber world is actually an easy medium which does not need complicated procedures in order to
publish ones literary works. This has been the reason on why the young authors choose it as the best
medium to create more literary works actively. The works of the young authors will be published in the
cyber world especially in their own personal websites. However, this also has caused misunderstanding
between the scholars about the aesthetical and the quality that have always been focused on literary
works. Therefore, this study will find out and analyse the aesthetical value through the thoughts that are
found in cyber novel Kasih Darmia by Naniey TJ based on the application of Intergrated Aesthetic
theory. Cyber novel Kasih Darmia is the first cyber literary work of Naniey TJ which was written
somewhere in November 2011 in her personal blogsite. The study uses the Intergrated Aesthetic which
is introduced by Abdul Halim Ali based on the concept of beauty which is divided by the beauty of
thoughts and the religious messages from Al-Quran as the original text that represents the real beauty
and reflects the manifestation of literary text. Analysing the thoughts in cyber novel Kasih Darmia shows that the inside beauty actually answers the aesthetical problems in the literary works in the cyber
world.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a well-known method to test the equality of mean for two or more
groups. ANOVA is a robust test under the normality assumption. Arithmetic mean is used in the
computation of the ANOVA test. Mean is known to be sensitive towards outlier and this problem will
affect the robustness and power of ANOVA. In this study, modification of ANOVA was created using
one type of mean to replace arithmetic mean namely trimmed mean. New approaches were be obtained
for the computation of ANOVA. This study was conducted based on a simulation study and application
on real data. The performance of the modified ANOVA is then compared with the classical ANOVA
test in terms of Type I error rate. This innovation enhances the ability of modified ANOVA to provide
good control of Type I error rates. The findings were in favor of the modified ANOVA or better known
as ANOVATM.
Issues concerning risk taking attitude and behaviors among adolescents in Malaysia has become increasingly complex and challenging. This paper aims to examine the gender differences in risk-taking attitude among adolescents in Malaysia. 426 adolescents consisting of 183 boys (43%) and 243 girls (51.9 %) participated in this study. Data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire namely the Attitude towards risk questionnaire (Franken, Gibson & Rowland, 1992). The findings suggested that there is a significant difference between male and female with respect to risk taking attitude, t (424) = 3.14, p = .03 (two-tailed). The analysis of mean further revealed that male adolescents (M = 53.85. SD = 11.99) is inclined towards risk attitudes compared to female adolescents (M =50.14, SD=13.39). Apart from verifying the previous findings on the gender differences in risk taking attitudes, the present finding indicates the need for a gender specific approach to the assessment and intervention of risk-taking attitude among adolescents in Malaysia.