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Field assessment of synthetic attractants and traps for the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana

Urech R, Green PE, Brown GW, Spradbery JP, Tozer RS, Mayer DG, et al.

Vet Parasitol, 2012 Jul 6;187(3-4):486-90.
PMID: 22575279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.046

The performance of newly developed trapping systems for the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana has been determined in field trials on cattle farms in Malaysia. The efficacy of non-sticky traps and new attractants to trap C. bezziana and non-target flies was compared with the standard sticky trap and Swormlure. The optimal trap was a modified LuciTrap(®) with a new attractant mixture, Bezzilure-2. The LuciTrap/Bezzilure-2 caught on average 3.1 times more C. bezziana than the sticky trap with Swormlure (P<0.05) and provided selectivity for C. bezziana against Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies with factors of 5.9 and 6.4, respectively. The LuciTrap also discriminates with factors of 90 and 3.6 against Hemipyrellia sp. and sarcophagid flesh flies respectively, compared to the sticky trap. The LuciTrap/Bezzilure-2 system is recommended for screwworm fly surveillance as it is more attractive and selective towards C. bezziana and provides flies of better quality for identification than the sticky trap.

Matched MeSH terms: Diptera/physiology*
Caligidae infestation in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790 cultured at different salinity in Malaysia

Muhd-Faizul HA, Kua BC, Leaw YY

Vet Parasitol, 2012 Feb 28;184(1):68-72.
PMID: 21937167 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.008

The Asian seabass is euryhaline, therefore it is interesting to describe the infestation and survival of caligids at varying salinity on the host. In this study, two different brackish water culture systems with monoculture and polyculture practices were investigated for the occurrence of Caligus spp. on Lates calcarifer. Polyculture practices mainly consisted of snapper (Lutjanus spp.), grouper (Epinephelus spp.) and seabass (L. calcarifer), while the monoculture was stocked with only seabass. A total of 777 Caligus spp. specimens were isolated from the sampling in 2009, consisting of three species; Caligus chiastos, Caligus epidemicus and Caligus rotundigenitalis. In 2011, the total specimen was increased to 3110 and two additional species were found; Caligus punctatus and one unknown species (Caligus sp.). A 98.6% of the total examination was represented by C. epidemicus. Constant presence of C. epidemicus was observed throughout the study, regardless the differences in between culturing practices and systems. This species was able to survive within wide salinity range, from 5 to 28 ppt. The other isolated species (C. chiastos, C. punctatus, C. rotundigenitalis and Caligus sp.) were only found infesting in polyculture cages with the salinity ranging from 25 to 28 ppt. Despite accounts for less than 2% of the total specimens, these species may able to produce a challenge for L. calcarifer polyculture farming activity due to their capability for host switching. The present study revealed the potential risk for cross-species transmission in polyculture practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Copepoda/physiology*
Biological control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia using the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans

Chandrawathani P, Jamnah O, Waller PJ, Larsen M, Gillespie AT, Zahari WM

Vet Parasitol, 2003 Nov 14;117(3):173-83.
PMID: 14630426

Control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in a wet, tropical environment using the nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, was assessed in this study. Two methods of fungal delivery were tested, namely as a daily feed supplement, or incorporated into feed blocks. Initially, pen trials were conducted with individually penned groups of sheep and goats at dose rates of 125,000 spores and 250,000 spores/kg live weight per day. At the lower dose rate this reduction was between 80 and 90% compared with the pre-treatment levels. At the higher dose rate, there was virtually complete suppression (>99% reduction) of larval recovery. Trials using the fungal feed blocks, showed that when animals were individually penned, they consumed only small amounts of the block (particularly goats), hence little effect on larval recovery in faecal cultures was observed. Grouping animals according to species and dose rate induced satisfactory block consumption and subsequent high levels of larval reduction in faecal cultures. These larval reductions were mirrored by the presence of fungus in faecal cultures. This work was followed by a small paddock trial, whereby three groups of sheep were fed either a feed supplement without fungal spores, supplement with spores, or offered fungal blocks. The dose rate of spores in the latter two groups was 500,000 spores/kg live weight per day. Egg counts were significantly reduced in the two fungal groups, compared with the control group and the latter required two salvage anthelmintic treatments to prevent mortality due to haemonchosis. Pasture larval numbers on the two fungal group plots were also much lower than on the control plot.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/physiology; Mitosporic Fungi/physiology*; Spores, Fungal/physiology
Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel at a veterinary hospital in Malaysia

Aklilu E, Zunita Z, Hassan L, Cheng CH

Vet Microbiol, 2013 Jun 28;164(3-4):352-8.
PMID: 23523336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.030

In this study, we report the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel in Malaysia. Nasal and oral swabs were collected from 103 veterinary medicine students and 28 personnel from a veterinary hospital. Antibiotic sensitivity test (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and PCR amplifications of nucA and mecA gene were performed. Molecular characterization of the isolates was conducted using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results from MLST show the presence of the pandemic and widespread MRSA clones, ST5 and ST59. Spa gene typing revealed spa type t267 which has a wide geographical distribution. A new spa type, t5697 was found in this study. Fingerprint analysis by using PFGE show heterogeneity of the isolates. These findings affirm the importance of MRSA in veterinary settings and underscore the need for further extensive research to devise contextual control and prevention strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/physiology*
The genetic characteristics and evolution of Tembusu virus

Lei W, Guo X, Fu S, Feng Y, Tao X, Gao X, et al.

Vet Microbiol, 2017 Mar;201:32-41.
PMID: 28284620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.003

BACKGROUND: Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been several epidemic outbreaks of poultry diseases caused by Tembusu virus (TMUV). Although multiple mosquito and poultry-derived strains of TMUV have been isolated, no data exist about their comparative study, origin, evolution, and dissemination.
METHODOLOGY: Parallel virology was used to investigate the phenotypes of duck and mosquito-derived isolates of TMUV. Molecular biology and bioinformatics methods were employed to investigate the genetic characteristics and evolution of TMUV.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The plaque diameter of duck-derived isolates of TMUV was larger than that of mosquito-derived isolates. The cytopathic effect (CPE) in mammalian cells occurred more rapidly induced by duck-derived isolates than by mosquito-derived isolates. Furthermore, duck-derived isolates required less time to reach maximum titer, and exhibited higher viral titer. These findings suggested that poultry-derived TMUV isolates were more invasive and had greater expansion capability than the mosquito-derived isolates in mammalian cells. Variations in amino acid loci in TMUV E gene sequence revealed two mutated amino acid loci in strains isolated from Malaysia, Thailand, and Chinese mainland compared with the prototypical strain of the virus (MM1775). Furthermore, TMUV isolates from the Chinese mainland had six common variations in the E gene loci that differed from the Southeast Asian strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TMUV did not exhibit a species barrier in avian species and consisted of two lineages: the Southeast Asian and the Chinese mainland lineages. Molecular traceability studies revealed that the recent common evolutionary ancestor of TMUV might have appeared before 1934 and that Malaysia, Thailand and Shandong Province of China represent the three main sources related to TMUV spread.
CONCLUSIONS: The current broad distribution of TMUV strains in Southeast Asia and Chinese mainland exhibited longer-range diffusion and larger-scale propagation. Therefore, in addition to China, other Asian and European countries linked to Asia have used improved measures to detect and monitor TMUV related diseases to prevent epidemics in poultry.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavivirus/physiology
Fulltext Effects of cysteine and ascorbic acid in freezing extender on sperm characteristics and level of enzymes in post-thawed stallion semen

Alamaary MS, Haron AW, Hiew MWH, Ali M

Vet Med Sci, 2020 11;6(4):666-672.
PMID: 32602662 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.315

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of adding antioxidants, cysteine and ascorbic acid on the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvate (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzymes of post-thawed stallion sperm. Ten ejaculates were collected each from four healthy stallions and cryopreserved using HF-20 freezing extender containing either 0 mg/ml cysteine or ascorbic acid, 0.5 mg/ml cysteine and 0.5 mg/ml ascorbic acid. All samples in freezing extender containing cysteine or ascorbic acid or none of them were assessed for sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, morphology and enzymes concentration. The ALP, LDH and GGT were significantly higher in 0-group compared with cysteine and ascorbic acid groups. The sperm motility of frozen-thawed semen with 0-group was significantly better compared with cysteine and ascorbic acid groups. The variation on viability, sperm membrane integrity and morphology were insignificant between all treated groups. Therefore, these enzymes were reduced when using antioxidants in the freezing extender. Results of the present study suggest that concentration of ALP, LDH and GGT enzymes could be used as parameters for prediction of frozen-thawed stallion semen.

Matched MeSH terms: Horses/physiology*; Spermatozoa/physiology*
In vitro study of Pasteurella multocida adhesion to trachea, lung and aorta of rabbits

Al-Haddawi MH, Jasni S, Zamri-Saad M, Mutalib AR, Zulkifli I, Son R, et al.

Vet J, 2000 May;159(3):274-81.
PMID: 10775473

In vitro experiments were undertaken to study the adhesion and colonization to tracheal mucosa, lung and aorta explants from freshly killed rabbits of two different strains of Pasteurella multocida. Serotype A:3 (capsulated, fimbriae +, haemagglutination -, dermonecrotic toxin -) isolated from a rabbit with rhinitis, and serotype D:1 (non-capsulated, fimbriae +, haemagglutination +, dermonecrotic toxin +) isolated from a dead rabbit with septicaemia, were used. When the explants were observed under the scanning electron microscope, the type D strain was highly adherent to trachea and aorta explants compared to the type A strain. Adhesion to lung explants was best achieved by the type A strain after 45 min incubation, but after 2 h incubation no significant difference was observed between the strains. Our data indicate that the presence of fimbriae and the absence of capsule seem to enhance the adherence of P. multocida type D strain to tracheal tissue. The capsular material of P. multocida type A strain and the toxin of the type D strain seem to influence the adherence to lung tissue in rabbit. Adhesion of strain D to aorta may indicate the expression of receptors on the endothelium to that strain and may also explain the ability of certain strains to cause septicaemia.

Matched MeSH terms: Pasteurella multocida/physiology*
Race-day performance of horses with epiglottic entrapment, and following surgical correction using intra-oral curved bistoury hook in anaesthetised horses

Shaw DJ, Rosanowski SM

Vet J, 2019 Aug;250:24-27.
PMID: 31383416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.015

Epiglottic entrapment is a condition in racing horses, associated with abnormal respiratory noises and exercise intolerance. Epiglottic entrapment has been linked to both poor and superior athletic performance, leading to concerns regarding whether surgery is indicated, and whether surgical correction may have a deleterious effect on future race performance. The objective of the current study was to assess the race-day performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment and the effect of surgical correction on performance outcomes using an intra-oral technique in anaesthetised horses. A case-control study was conducted at the Singapore Turf Club from 2008 to 2011. Controls were selected 1:1 to cases, based on Malaysian Racing Authority number. The performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment was recorded and post-surgery race performance was described. Further, post-surgery race performance was compared between cases and with non-case controls. Twenty horses raced with epiglottic entrapment were retrospectively enrolled. There was a significant difference in racing performance in case horses racing with and without epiglottic entrapment (P

Matched MeSH terms: Horses/physiology*; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology*
Evaluation of a technique to measure heart rate variability in anaesthetised cats

Khor KH, Shiels IA, Campbell FE, Greer RM, Rose A, Mills PC

Vet J, 2014 Feb;199(2):229-35.
PMID: 24321367 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.006

Analysis of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are powerful tools to investigate cardiac diseases, but current methods, including 24-h Holter monitoring, can be cumbersome and may be compromised by movement artefact. A commercially available data capture and analysis system was used in anaesthetised healthy cats to measure HR and HRV during pharmacological manipulation of HR. Seven healthy cats were subjected to a randomised crossover study design with a 7 day washout period between two treatment groups, placebo and atenolol (1mg/kg, IV), with the efficacy of atenolol to inhibit β1 adrenoreceptors challenged by epinephrine. Statistical significance for the epinephrine challenge was set at P<0.0027 (Holm-Bonferroni correction), whereas a level of significance of P<0.05 was set for other variables. Analysis of the continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recordings showed that epinephrine challenge increased HR in the placebo group (P=0.0003) but not in the atenolol group. The change in HR was greater in the placebo group than in the atenolol group (P=0.0004). Therefore, compared to cats pre-treated with placebo, pre-treatment with atenolol significantly antagonised the tachycardia while not significantly affecting HRV. The increased HR in the placebo group following epinephrine challenge was consistent with a shift of the sympathovagal balance towards a predominantly sympathetic tone. However, the small (but not significant at the critical value) decrease in the normalised high-frequency component (HFnorm) in both groups of cats suggested that epinephrine induced a parasympathetic withdrawal in addition to sympathetic enhancement (increased normalised low frequency component or LFnorm). In conclusion, this model is a highly sensitive and repeatable model to investigate HRV in anaesthetised cats that would be useful in the laboratory setting for short-term investigation of cardiovascular disease and subtle responses to pharmacological agents in this species.

Matched MeSH terms: Cats/physiology*; Heart Rate/physiology*
Delayed endochondral ossification in early medial coronoid disease (MCD): a morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation in growing Labrador retrievers

Lau SF, Hazewinkel HA, Grinwis GC, Wolschrijn CF, Siebelt M, Vernooij JC, et al.

Vet J, 2013 Sep;197(3):731-8.
PMID: 23746870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.021

Medial coronoid disease (MCD) is a common joint disease of dogs. It has a multifactorial aetiology, but the relationship between known causal factors and the disease has yet to be elucidated. As most of the published literature is clinical and it reports changes associated with advanced disease, it is not known whether the changes reflect the cause or consequences of the condition. The aim of this study was to investigate early micromorphological changes occurring in articular cartilage and to describe the postnatal development of the medial coronoid process (MCP) before MCD develops. Three litters of MCD-prone young Labrador retrievers were purpose-bred from a dam and two sires with MCD. Comparisons of the micromorphological appearance of the MCP in MCD-negative and MCD-positive joints demonstrated that MCD was initially associated with a disturbance of endochondral ossification, namely a delay in the calcification of the calcifying zone, without concurrent abnormalities in the superficial layers of the joint cartilage. Cartilage canals containing patent blood vessels were only detected in dogs <12 weeks old, but the role of these channels in impaired ossification requires further investigation. Retained hyaline cartilage might ossify as the disease progresses, but weak areas can develop into cracks between the retained cartilage and the subchondral bone, leading to cleft formation and fragmentation of the MCP.

Matched MeSH terms: Osteogenesis/physiology*
Prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of Pasteurella multocida isolated from bovine respiratory infection

Jamali H, Rezagholipour M, Fallah S, Dadrasnia A, Chelliah S, Velappan RD, et al.

Vet J, 2014 Nov;202(2):381-3.
PMID: 25201254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.024

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of Pasteurella multocida isolated from calves with respiratory infection in Iran. P. multocida was detected in 141/169 bovine respiratory infection cases on Iranian dairy and beef farms. P. multocida were grouped into serogroups A (126/141), D (12/141), and B (3/141). Of the P. multocida isolates, all harboured the psl, ompH, oma87, fimA, ptfA, nanB, and nanH genes, 139/141 had hsf-2, and 115/141 pfhA, and tadD. The isolates were most frequently resistant to penicillin G (43/141 resistant isolates; 30.5%) and streptomycin (31/141; 22%).

Matched MeSH terms: Pasteurella multocida/physiology*
Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations

Abdullah AS, Rajion MA

Vet Hum Toxicol, 1990 Oct;32(5):444-5.
PMID: 2238442

Brachiaria decumbens toxicity resulted in an altered reticulorumen environment in the sheep. This adversely affected the growth and activity of microorganisms in the rumen as reflected by greatly decreased concentrations of the volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in B decumbens-intoxicated sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/physiology*
The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review)

Siti HN, Kamisah Y, Kamsiah J

Vascul. Pharmacol., 2015 Aug;71:40-56.
PMID: 25869516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.005

The concept of mild chronic vascular inflammation as part of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, most importantly hypertension and atherosclerosis, has been well accepted. Indeed there are links between vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. However, there are still gaps in our understanding regarding this matter that might be the cause behind disappointing results of antioxidant therapy for cardiovascular risk factors in large-scale long-term randomised controlled trials. Apart from the limitations of our knowledge, limitations in methodology and assessment of the body's endogenous and exogenous oxidant-antioxidant status are a serious handicap. The pleiotropic effects of antioxidant and anti-inflammation that are shown by some well-established antihypertensive agents and statins partly support the idea of using antioxidants in vascular diseases as still relevant. This review aims to provide an overview of the links between oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk factors, importantly focusing on blood pressure regulation and atherosclerosis. In view of the potential benefits of antioxidants, this review will also examine the proposed role of vitamin C, vitamin E and polyphenols in cardiovascular diseases as well as the success or failure of antioxidant therapy for cardiovascular diseases in clinical trials.

Matched MeSH terms: Antioxidants/physiology*; Oxidative Stress/physiology*
Des-aspartate angiotensin I (DAA-I) reduces endothelial dysfunction in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat through inhibition of angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress

Loh WM, Ling WC, Murugan DD, Lau YS, Achike FI, Vanhoutte PM, et al.

Vascul. Pharmacol., 2015 Aug;71:151-8.
PMID: 25869508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.011

Des-aspartate angiotensin I (DAA-I), an endogenous nonapeptide, counteracts several effects of angiotensin II on vascular tone. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute protective effect of DAA-I on endothelial function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as well as its effect on angiotensin II-induced contractions and oxidative stress. Aortic rings were incubated with DAA-I (0.1μM) for 30min prior to the assessment of angiotensin II-induced contractions (0.1nM-10μM) in WKY and SHR aortas. Total nitrate and nitrite levels were assessed using a colorimetric method and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The effect of DAA-I was also assessed against endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Angiotensin II-induced contractions were significantly reduced by DAA-I, losartan and tempol. Incubation with ODQ (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) and removal of the endothelium prevented the reduction of angiotensin II-induced contractions by DAA-I. Total nitrate and nitrite levels were increased in DAA-I, losartan and tempol treated-SHR tissues while ROS level was reduced by DAA-I and the latter inhibitors. In addition, DAA-I significantly improved the impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation in SHR aortas whilst sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxation remained unaffected. The present findings indicate that improvement of endothelial function by DAA-I in the SHR aorta is mediated through endothelium-dependent release of nitric oxide and inhibition of angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxidative Stress/physiology
Fulltext Comparison of egg and high yielding MDCK cell-derived live attenuated influenza virus for commercial production of trivalent influenza vaccine: in vitro cell susceptibility and influenza virus replication kinetics in permissive and semi-permissive cells

Hussain AI, Cordeiro M, Sevilla E, Liu J

Vaccine, 2010 May 14;28(22):3848-55.
PMID: 20307595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.005

Currently MedImmune manufactures cold-adapted (ca) live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) from specific-pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Difficulties in production scale-up and potential exposure of chicken flocks to avian influenza viruses especially in the event of a pandemic influenza outbreak have prompted evaluation and development of alternative non-egg based influenza vaccine manufacturing technologies. As part of MedImmune's effort to develop the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) using cell culture production technologies we have investigated the use of high yielding, cloned MDCK cells as a substrate for vaccine production by assessing host range and virus replication of influenza virus produced from both SPF egg and MDCK cell production technologies. In addition to cloned MDCK cells the indicator cell lines used to evaluate the impact of producing LAIV in cells on host range and replication included two human cell lines: human lung carcinoma (A549) cells and human muco-epidermoid bronchiolar carcinoma (NCI H292) cells. The influenza viruses used to infect the indicators cell lines represented both the egg and cell culture manufacturing processes and included virus strains that composed the 2006-2007 influenza seasonal trivalent vaccine (A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2) and B/Malaysia/2506/04). Results from this study demonstrate remarkable similarity between influenza viruses representing the current commercial egg produced and developmental MDCK cell produced vaccine production platforms. MedImmune's high yielding cloned MDCK cells used for the cell culture based vaccine production were highly permissive to both egg and cell produced ca attenuated influenza viruses. Both the A549 and NCI H292 cells regardless of production system were less permissive to influenza A and B viruses than the MDCK cells. Irrespective of the indicator cell line used the replication properties were similar between egg and the cell produced influenza viruses. Based on these study results we conclude that the MDCK cell produced and egg produced vaccine strains are highly comparable.

Matched MeSH terms: Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
Using best-worst scaling to rank factors affecting vaccination demand in northern Nigeria

Ozawa S, Wonodi C, Babalola O, Ismail T, Bridges J

Vaccine, 2017 11 07;35(47):6429-6437.
PMID: 29037575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.079

BACKGROUND: Understanding and ranking the reasons for low vaccination uptake among parents in northern Nigeria is critical to implement effective policies to save lives and prevent illnesses. This study applies best-worst scaling (BWS) to rank various factors affecting parents' demand for routine childhood immunization.
METHODS: We conducted a household survey in Nahuche, Zamfara State in northern Nigeria. Nearly two hundred parents with children under age five were asked about their views on 16 factors using a BWS technique. These factors focused on known attributes that influence the demand for childhood immunization, which were identified from a literature review and reviewed by a local advisory board. The survey systematically presented parents with subsets of six factors and asked them to choose which they think are the most and least important in decisions to vaccinate children. We used a sequential best-worst analysis with conditional logistic regression to rank factors.
RESULTS: The perception that vaccinating a child makes one a good parent was the most important motivation for parents in northern Nigeria to vaccinate children. Statements related to trust and social norms were ranked higher in importance compared to those that highlighted perceived benefits and risks, healthcare service, vaccine information, or opportunity costs. Fathers ranked trust in the media and views of their leaders to be of greatest importance, whereas mothers placed greater importance on social perceptions and norms. Parents of children without routine immunization ranked their trust in local leaders about vaccines higher in considerations, and the media's views lower, compared to parents with children who received routine immunization.
CONCLUSIONS: Framing immunization messages in the context of good parenting and hearing these messages from trusted information sources may motivate parental uptake of childhood vaccines. These results are useful to policymakers to prioritize resources in order to increase awareness and demand for childhood immunization.

Matched MeSH terms: Decision Making/physiology*
Fulltext Effect of renal sympathetic nerve on adrenergically and angiotensin II-induced renal vasoconstriction in normal Wistar-Kyoto rats

Abdulla MH, Sattar MA, Abdullah NA, Khan AH, Anand Swarup KR, Rathore HA, et al.

Ups. J. Med. Sci., 2011 Mar;116(1):18-25.
PMID: 21047287 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2010.526723

This study examined the effect of renal sympathetic innervation on adrenergically and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced renal vasoconstriction in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology*; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
Comparison of Shear Wave Elastography and Conventional Ultrasound in Assessing Kidney Function as Measured Using 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and 99Tc-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid

Leong SS, Wong JHD, Md Shah MN, Vijayananthan A, Jalalonmuhali M, Ng KH

Ultrasound Med Biol, 2019 06;45(6):1417-1426.
PMID: 30962016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.01.024

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of shear wave elastography (SWE) as an indicator of abnormal kidney function defined by radiolabeled glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Fifty-seven patients referred for 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid GFR and 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy were included. Young's modulus (YM) measured with SWE and kidney length, volume, cortical thickness and parenchymal echogenicity measured with conventional ultrasound were correlated with patients' GFR and renal scintigraphy results. Spearman correlation coefficients between SWE and GFR were negative for the right (r = -0.635, p < 0.0001) and left (r = -0.817, p < 0.0001) kidneys. Positive correlations between left renal cortical thickness (r = 0.381, p = 0.04) and left kidney volume (r = 0.356, p = 0.019) with GFR were reported. SWE correctly predicted the dominant functioning kidney in 94.7% of cases. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for SWE (0.800) was superior to that for conventional ultrasound (0.252-0.415). The cutoff value of ≥5.52 kPa suggested a kidney function ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (82.4% sensitivity and 76.2% specificity). SWE has advantages over conventional ultrasound in assessing kidney function and distinguishing the dominant functioning kidney.

Matched MeSH terms: Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology
Fulltext [Study of pathogenicity of Nipah virus and its vaccine development]

Yoneda M

Uirusu, 2014;64(1):105-12.
PMID: 25765986 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.64.105

Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in Malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans, and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. We established a system that enabled the rescue of replicating NiVs from a cloned DNA. Using the system, we analyzed the functions of accessory proteins in infected cells and the implications in in vivo pathogenicity. Further, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine expressing NiV envelope glycoproteins, which appeared to be an appropriate to NiV vaccine candidate for use in humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/physiology; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/physiology
Fulltext Correlation of BACH1 and Hemoglobin E/Beta-Thalassemia Globin Expression

Lee TY, Muniandy L, Teh LK, Abdullah M, George E, Sathar J, et al.

Turk J Haematol, 2016 Mar 05;33(1):15-20.
PMID: 26377036 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2014.0197

The diverse clinical phenotype of hemoglobin E (HbE)/β-thalassemia has not only confounded clinicians in matters of patient management but has also led scientists to investigate the complex mechanisms involved in maintaining the delicate red cell environment where, even with apparent similarities of α- and β-globin genotypes, the phenotype tells a different story. The BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) protein is known to regulate α- and β-globin gene transcriptions during the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. With the mutations involved in HbE/β-thalassemia disorder, we studied the role of BACH1 in compensating for the globin chain imbalance, albeit for fine-tuning purposes.

Matched MeSH terms: Heme/physiology

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