Rapid technological advancements have created opportunities for new solutions in various industries, including healthcare. One exciting new direction in this field of innovation is the combination of skin-based technologies and augmented reality (AR). These dermatological devices allow for the continuous and non-invasive measurement of vital signs and biomarkers, enabling the real-time diagnosis of anomalies, which have applications in telemedicine, oncology, dermatology, and early diagnostics. Despite its many potential benefits, there is a substantial information vacuum regarding using flexible photonics in conjunction with augmented reality for medical purposes. This review explores the current state of dermal augmented reality and flexible optics in skin-conforming sensing platforms by examining the obstacles faced thus far, including technical hurdles, demanding clinical validation standards, and problems with user acceptance. Our main areas of interest are skills, chiroptical properties, and health platform applications, such as optogenetic pixels, spectroscopic imagers, and optical biosensors. My skin-enhanced spherical dichroism and powerful spherically polarized light enable thorough physical inspection with these augmented reality devices: diabetic tracking, skin cancer diagnosis, and cardiovascular illness: preventative medicine, namely blood pressure screening. We demonstrate how to accomplish early prevention using case studies and emergency detection. Finally, it addresses real-world obstacles that hinder fully realizing these materials' extraordinary potential in advancing proactive and preventative personalized medicine, including technical constraints, clinical validation gaps, and barriers to widespread adoption.
This work explores bubble laser technology as an alternative to needles in injection systems for vaccination, cancer treatment, insulin delivery, and catheter hygiene. The technology leverages laser-induced microfiltration and bubble dynamics to create high-speed pneumatic jets that penetrate the skin without needles, addressing discomfort, infection risk, and needle-related concerns. The system's performance is analyzed based on laser wavelength, pulse duration, and Gaussian beam droplet size. The findings indicate a significant increase in spot size at 1064 nm compared with 400 nm, consistent with the diffraction theory. Induced bubble dynamics reveal bubble generation, jetting, and fluid interactions as the Weber number increases, as well as jet velocity and fluid inertia. For femtosecond pulses, increasing the pulse duration from 100 to 1500 fs reduces the bubble lifespan from 0.8 to 0.3 arbitrary units, and the collapse pressure decreases from 2.1 to 0.4 bar. For picosecond pulses, the bubble lifetime decreases from 0.9 to 0.5 arbitrary units, and the pressure drop decreases from 2.0 to 0.4 bar as the pulse length extends from 2000 to 8000 ps. Jet formation in laser jet injection systems is enhanced by short pulses in water that produce longer-lasting bubbles. Drug delivery based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation is characterized by a low-pressure collapse and short bubble lifetime. Thus, this relationship suggests that bubble laser technology can provide a more controlled and safer method of needle-free procedures, increasing compliance and reducing tissue trauma.
Neuroprobes that use nanostructured photonic interfaces are capable of multimodal sensing, stimulation, and imaging with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. In addition to electrical recording, optogenetic modulation, high-resolution optical imaging, and molecular sensing, these advanced probes combine nanophotonic waveguides, optical transducers, nanostructured electrodes, and biochemical sensors. The potential of this technology lies in unraveling the mysteries of neural coding principles, mapping functional connectivity in complex brain circuits, and developing new therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders. Nevertheless, achieving the full potential of nanostructured photonic neural probes requires overcoming challenges such as ensuring long-term biocompatibility, integrating nanoscale components at high density, and developing robust data-analysis pipelines. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of photonics in neural probes, trends in electrode diameter for neural interface technologies, nanophotonic technologies using nanostructured materials, advances in nanofabrication photonics interface engineering, and challenges and opportunities. Finally, interdisciplinary efforts are required to unlock the transformative potential of next-generation neuroscience therapies.
Nano-optical biosensors have emerged as transformative tools in healthcare and clinical research, offering rapid, portable, and specific diagnostic solutions. This review critically analyzes the recent advancements, translational challenges, and sustainable approaches in nano-optical biosensor implementation for biomedical applications. We explore the integration of innovative nanomaterials, microelectronics, and molecular biology techniques that have significantly enhanced biosensor sensitivity and specificity, enabling detection of biomarkers ranging from cancer indicators to cardiovascular markers. The potential of nanoplasmonic and silicon photonic biosensors in overcoming current limitations is discussed, alongside the promising integration of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies for improved data analytics and clinical validation. We address key challenges, including size constraints, energy efficiency, and integration with existing technologies, and propose sustainable strategies for eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient designs, and circular economy approaches. The review also examines emerging trends such as multiplexed sensing platforms, wearable biosensors, and their applications in personalized medicine. By critically assessing these developments, we provide insights into the prospects of nano-optical biosensors and their potential to revolutionize point-of-care diagnostics and personalized healthcare, while emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome remaining obstacles in translating these technologies from laboratory research to real-world clinical applications.
Multi-omics profiling integrates genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, essential for understanding complex health and disease pathways. This review highlights the transformative potential of combining optical nanosensors with artificial intelligence (AI). It is possible to identify disease-specific biomarkers using real-time and sensitive molecular interactions. These technologies are precious for genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic changes critical to disease progression and treatment response. AI improves multi-omics profiling by analyzing large, diverse data sets and common patterns traditional methods overlook. Machine learning tools Biomarkers Discovery is revolutionizing, drug resistance is being understood, and medicine is being personalized as the combination of AI and nanosensors has advanced the detection of DNA methylation and proteomic signatures and improved our understanding of cancer, cardiovascular disease and vascular disease. Despite these advances, challenges still exist. Difficulties in integrating data sets, retaining sensors, and building scalable computing tools are the biggest obstacles. It also examines various solutions with advanced AI algorithms and innovations, including fabrication in nanosensor design. Moreover, it highlights the potential of nanosensor-assisted, AI-driven multi-omics profiling to revolutionize disease diagnosis and treatment. As technology advances, these tools pave the way for faster diagnosis, more accurate treatment and improved patient outcomes, offering new hope for personalized medicine.
Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and early diagnosis is critical for improving clinical outcomes. This paper presents an optical design framework combining speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (SCOS) with multiwavelength reflectance spectroscopy to monitor subtle changes in cerebral blood flow during ischemic events. The research aims to enable precise tissue interrogation using high-resolution, low-scatter imaging. Key to the system's accuracy is a 1.55 μm small beam waist, a grating density of 1300 grooves/mm, and a 15.53 μm depth of focus. The calculated effective focal length of 8333.33 μm enhances the resolution to 4.07 μm, improving the detection of minor changes in tissue optical properties. We investigate the sensitivity of various near-infrared wavelengths (660, 785, 800, and 976 nm) to ischemic-induced changes, with particular emphasis on the 976 nm wavelength, which demonstrates superior tissue penetration and increased sensitivity to variations in blood perfusion and tissue density during ischemia. Optical markers such as spot-size widening, spatial intensity shifts, and central intensity decrease are identified as reliable indicators of ischemia. Our findings suggest that multiwavelength reflectance analysis, particularly in the near-infrared range, provides a practical, noninvasive approach for continuously monitoring ischemic strokes. This technique indicates potential for improving early diagnosis and real-time monitoring of cerebral perfusion, which allows for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of cerebral perfusion and management of ischemic strokes, improving patient outcomes and clinical decision-making.