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  1. Fulltext A systematic review on malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials
    Hamisi MA, Asri NAM, Yassim ASM, Suppian R
    PLoS One, 2025;20(1):e0317233.
    PMID: 39854359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317233
    OBJECTIVE: For more than a century, developing novel and effective vaccines against malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) infections has been a challenge. This review sought to investigate the reasons for the slow progress of malaria and TB vaccine candidates in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.

    METHODS: The systematic review protocol was registered on PROSPERO on July 26, 2023 (CRD42023445166). The research articles related to the immunogenicity, efficacy, or safety of malaria or TB vaccines that were published between January 1, 2012, and August 31, 2023, were searched on three databases: Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

    RESULTS: A total of 2342 articles were obtained, 50 of which met the inclusion criteria. 28 (56%) articles reported on malaria vaccine attributes, while 22 (44%) articles reported on TB vaccines. In both cases, the major challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials were immunogenicity and efficacy, rather than safety.

    CONCLUSION: Factors such as population characteristics, pathogen genetic diversity, vaccine nature, strategy, and formulation were associated with slow progress of the malaria and TB vaccine candidates in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.

  2. Immunomodulatory Role of Milk on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Enhancing Oral Vaccine Efficacy
    Asri NAM, Bushra SMR, Asri AAM, Suppian R, Norazmi MN
    Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2026 Apr;18(3):3648-3670.
    PMID: 41060598 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-025-10785-y
    Vaccination is one of the most effective health interventions, sparing an estimated 2-3 million deaths each year. While systemic vaccinations produce strong pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the peripheral system, they are often less efficient at establishing protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Oral vaccinations have the benefit of inducing both systemic and mucosal immunity; nonetheless, they are frequently linked with lower immunogenicity when compared to parenteral vaccines. This variability in response has been related to a variety of factors. However, increasing research points to the gut microbiota as a major, modifiable predictor of vaccine responsiveness. Specific microbial profiles have been associated with increased antibody production and vaccination effectiveness. Milk, a natural source of bioactive substances with prebiotic qualities, has been found to maintain beneficial gut microbiota and may help improve immunological responses to oral vaccination. In this narrative review, we examine the current research on milk and its bioactive compounds in modifying gut microbiota composition, as well as its potential use in increasing oral vaccination efficacy. By applying this knowledge, we intend to address challenges in the development of oral vaccines for more comprehensive and efficient protection.
  3. Fulltext The Impact of 3D Prism Cavity for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Different Nanomaterials
    Zafar M, Sakidin H, Dzulkarnain I, Hussain A, Sheremet M, Nazar R, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2023 May 27;16(11).
    PMID: 37297145 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114011
    Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been offered as an alternative to declining crude oil production. EOR using nanotechnology is one of the most innovative trends in the petroleum industry. In order to determine the maximum oil recovery, the effect of a 3D rectangular prism shape is numerically investigated in this study. Using ANSYS Fluent software(2022R1), we develop a two-phase mathematical model based on 3D geometry. This research examines the following parameters: flow rate Q = 0.01-0.05 mL/min, volume fractions = 0.01-0.04%, and the effect of nanomaterials on relative permeability. The result of the model is verified with published studies. In this study, the finite volume method is used to simulate the problem, and we run simulations at different flow rates while keeping other variables constant. The findings show that the nanomaterials have an important effect on water and oil permeability, increasing oil mobility and lowering IFT, which increases the recovery process. Additionally, it has been noted that a reduction in the flow rate improves oil recovery. Maximum oil recovery was attained at a 0.05 mL/min flow rate. Based on the findings, it is also demonstrated that SiO2 provides better oil recovery compared to Al2O3. When the volume fraction concentration increases, oil recovery ultimately increases.
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