The splicing of the pre-mRNA is one of the most essential and one of the several processes that characterized the exponential enrichment of proteomic diversity in higher eukaryotic organisms (Black, 2000, Graveley, 2001). For the splicing process, the introns must be removed and this is accurately carried out by an assembly of spliceosome
Pomegranate fruit is the most studied part of punica granatum shrub. The fruit contains enormous
amount of polyphenol compounds in the peel and arils (flesh) which are responsible for its antioxidant
activity. The polyphenols present are of varying degree of lipophilicity and thus would require solvents
of varying polarity to extract them. In this study, the effects of solvent type and homogenisation on
extraction yield were considered. The fruit was first separated into peel and flesh and subsequently, one
half of each of the peel and flesh were separately homogenised. Ethanol, ethylacetate and hexane were
used to extract the polyphenol content of each of the four samples; non-homogenised peel (NP), nonhomogenised flesh (NF), homogenised peel (HP) and homogenised flesh (HF) in decreasing order of
polarity using maceration method. The extraction was carried out successively using the residue
recovered from previous extraction. Ethanol was used for a second time to complete the extraction
process. The total extractive yield from the four samples were 27.19, 26.04, 25.03 and 15.61 for HP,
NP, HF and NF respectively. The experiment has demonstrated that maceration process can be used to
extract compounds from pomegranate to give a yield similar to more sophisticated method and ethanol
is a suitable solvent for extracting hydrophilic compounds from the fruit.
Probiotics are the food products containing live microorganisms which when up-taken in sufficient quantities, converse health benefits to consumers. This study was aimed to find parental awareness, level of utilization, assessment of their experiences and sentiments about probiotics among their children.This descriptive study was undertaken in King Edward Medical University Lahore during July 2017 to January 2018. A total of 127 questionnaires were successfully completed comprising 45 (35.5%) from health care staff, 52 (40.9%) from parents visiting pediatric outpatients and 30 (23.6%) from school teachers. Maternal parent remained predominant in this study as there were 109 (85.8%) female and 18(14.2%) male respondents. Only 20(15.7%) were familiar with the term probiotics, 49 (38.6%) were somewhat familiar while 58 (45.6%) had no idea about term. On pursuing about preferences regarding probiotics use majority 106/127 (83.5%) of parents like to available in liquid as it is easy to consume for children. Use of probiotics among children is not very much common however it is been prescribed for number of gastrointestinal problems. Only a limited class of people is familiar with health benefits probiotics. Around 20% users do not know about the organism present in specific probiotic is also of astonishing. Due to different social set up health care providers and family physicians must discuss about the dietary supplements in terms of potential risks and benefits
Objective: To compare the mean duration of diarrhea between children taking yogurt and with the group taking commercial probiotics, containing lactobacillus in acute watery diarrhea. Materials and
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Services Hospital, Lahore. The duration of this cross sectional study was 6 months, from June 2013 to November 2013. A total of 200 children suffering from acute watery diarrhea were involved in the study after the informed consent under the said hospital. Their demographic information was recorded and later divided in two groups of 100 each; group A received yogurt and group B was given commercial probiotic. The duration of diarrhea was observed in both groups. The results were compared by using independent sample t-test.
Results: The average duration of diarrhea in group A, was 1.98 + 1.31 day while that in group B was 3.09 + 1.64 days. Student's t-test was applied and the difference between the two groups was found to be statistically significant (p< 0.05).
Conclusions: Treatment with yogurt significantly decreases the mean duration of diarrhea as compared to probiotic among patients with acute watery diarrhea.
Introduction: Cholera is an infection caused by the bacterium Vibriocholerae that causes severe watery diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration. Beet-roothas been shown to induce favourable outcomes and holds promise as an economic, practical natural dietary intervention in cholera. Methods: Systematic search of peer-reviewed literature on beet-root ORS and carrot ORS use for acute diarrhoea in below 6-year-old. We identified 3 studies for abstraction. Results: A study had compared a commercial carrot/rice-based ORS A (Na 52 mmol/L) and two glucose-based ORS B (Na 55 mmol/L) and C (Na 90 mmol/L). Fluid intake, faecal and urine output and absorption of fluid was measured in 161 infants and children (3-48 months old) during the first 48 hours after admission. The number of stools (p < 0.01) and the mean faecal output (p < 0.05) per kg body weight were significantly lower in group A. Children in group A also had significantly (p < 0.01) greater fluid absorption (mean 464 ml/kg) than in groups C (312 ml/kg) and B (140 ml/kg). Conclusions: While there are some promising results, this analysis indicates that the need for further investi- gation into approaches to increasing beet-root ORS and carrot ORS use.
The majority of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients showed homozygous deletion or other mutations of SMN1. However, the genetic etiology of a significant number of SMA patients has not been clarified. Recently, mutation in the gene underlying cat SMA, limb expression 1 (LIX1), has been reported. Similarity in clinical and pathological features of cat and human SMA may give an insight into possible similarity of the genetic etiology.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene. The SMN2 gene is highly homologous to SMN1 and has been reported to be correlated with severity of the disease. The clinical presentation of SMA varies from severe to mild, with three clinical subtypes (type I, type II, and type III) that are assigned according to age of onset and severity of the disease. Here, we aim to investigate the potential association between the number of copies of SMN2 and the deletion in the NAIP gene with the clinical severity of SMA in patients of Malaysian origin. Forty-two SMA patients (14 of type I, 20 type II, and 8 type III) carrying deletions of the SMN1 gene were enrolled in this study. SMN2 copy number was determined by fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Twenty-nine percent of type I patients carried one copy of SMN2, while the remaining 71% carried two copies. Among the type II and type III SMA patients, 29% of cases carried two copies of the gene, while 71% carried three or four copies of SMN2. Deletion analysis of NAIP showed that 50% of type I SMA patients had a homozygous deletion of exon 5 of this gene and that only 10% of type II SMA cases carried a homozygous deletion, while all type III patients carried intact copies of the NAIP gene. We conclude that there exists a close relationship between SMN2 copy number and SMA disease severity, suggesting that the determination of SMN2 copy number may be a good predictor of SMA disease type. Furthermore, NAIP gene deletion was found to be associated with SMA severity. In conclusion, combining the analysis of deletion of NAIP with the assessment of SMN2 copy number increases the value of this tool in predicting the severity of SMA.