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Discovery of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Marine Microorganisms: Optimization of Culture Conditions and Medium Composition

Trang NTH, Tang DYY, Chew KW, Linh NT, Hoang LT, Cuong NT, et al.

Mol Biotechnol, 2021 Nov;63(11):1004-1015.
PMID: 34185249 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00362-3

Various studies showed that the suppression of α-glucosidase activity can impede the glucose absorption in our body, and therefore, it can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. Hence, the compounds with anti-α-glucosidase have gained considerable attention because of their potential application in diabetes treatment. In previous literature studies, these anti-α-glucosidase compounds were extracted from plants and fungus. Less studies are being conducted to identify the anti-α-glucosidase compounds in the microbial community. In this study, 23 marine bacterial strains were screened for their potential to suppress the α-glucosidase activity. The highest inhibitory activity was exhibited by isolated L06 which was identified as Oceanimonas smirnovii EBL6. The cultivation conditions, such as temperature and pH, were optimized to increase the production of α-glucosidase inhibitors by Oceanimonas smirnovii EBL6 strain. The result findings showed that the highest yield of α-glucosidase inhibitors can be obtained at the culture time of 120 h, fermentation temperature of 30 °C, and pH 4.6. Under these conditions, the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase can reach 81%. The IC50 of n-butanol extract was 13.89 μg/ml, while standard acarbose was 31.16 μg/ml. Overall, these findings suggest that Oceanimonas smirnovii produces α-glucosidase inhibitors and could been applied in the biochemical and medicinal fields in the future.
Selection, purification, and evaluation of acarbose-an α-glucosidase inhibitor from Actinoplanes sp

Tuyen DT, Yew GY, Cuong NT, Hoang LT, Yen HT, Hong Thao PT, et al.

Chemosphere, 2021 Feb;265:129167.
PMID: 33307502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129167

Actinoplanes sp. A1094 strain had been selected for its high production of acarbose from 20 different strains of Actinoplanes sp. can be found in wild. The content for glucosidase inhibitor of acarbose concentration was recorded at 1.12 g/L. The conducted analysis of 16S rRNA sequence of Actinoplanes sp. A1094 showed 99% similar identity to the corresponding sequence of Actinoplanes hulinensis. Acarbose was purified from Actinoplanes hulinensis 1094 with a yield of 8.48%, purity of 98% and further identified by LC/MS and NMR methods (C25H43NO18; m/z: 645.6 g/mol). The purified acarbose was used to evaluate the hypoglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice model. The purified acarbose reduced postprandial blood glucose level in comparison with Glucobay® as medication for control type 2 diabetes in a combination therapy. Notably, the outcomes of native acarbose on fasting blood glucose levels in mice resemble akin to the commercial product and the acarbose accumulating fermentation and metabolic engineering from the cell gene in which would reduce in production cost. Therefore, acarbose from Actinoplanes hulinensis 1094 could be potentially used to make products for the treatment of type II diabetes.
Aetiology, practice patterns and burden of end-stage kidney disease in South Asia and South-East Asia: A questionnaire-based survey

Sahay M, Jasuja S, Tang SCW, Alexander S, Jha V, Vachharajani T, et al.

Nephrology (Carlton), 2021 Feb;26(2):142-152.
PMID: 33169890 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13825

AIM: There is paucity of data on the epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) from South Asia and South-East Asia. The objective of this study was to assess the aetiology, practice patterns and disease burden and growth of ESKD in the region comparing the economies.
METHODS: The national nephrology societies of the region; responded to the questionnaire; based on latest registries, acceptable community-based studies and society perceptions. The countries in the region were classified into Group 1 (High|higher-middle-income) and Group 2 (lower|lowermiddle income). Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used for comparison.
RESULTS: Fifteen countries provided the data. The average incidence of ESKD was estimated at 226.7 per million population (pmp), (Group 1 vs. Group 2, 305.8 vs. 167.8 pmp) and average prevalence at 940.8 pmp (Group 1 vs. Group 2, 1306 vs. 321 pmp). Group 1 countries had a higher incidence and prevalence of ESKD. Diabetes, hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis were most common causes. The mean age in Group 2 was lower by a decade (Group 1 vs. Group 2-59.45 vs 47.7 years).
CONCLUSION: Haemodialysis was the most common kidney replacement therapy in both groups and conservative management of ESKD was the second commonest available treatment option within Group 2. The disease burden was expected to grow >20% in 50% of Group 1 countries and 78% of Group 2 countries along with the parallel growth in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Interventional nephrology and vascular access practice: A perspective from South and Southeast Asia

Ramachandran R, Bhargava V, Jasuja S, Gallieni M, Jha V, Sahay M, et al.

J Vasc Access, 2021 05 03.
PMID: 33934667 DOI: 10.1177/11297298211011375

South and Southeast Asia is the most populated, heterogeneous part of the world. The Association of Vascular Access and InTerventionAl Renal physicians (AVATAR Foundation), India, gathered trends on epidemiology and Interventional Nephrology (IN) for this region. The countries were divided as upper-middle- and higher-income countries as Group-1 and lower and lower-middle-income countries as Group-2. Forty-three percent and 70% patients in the Group 1 and 2 countries had unplanned hemodialysis (HD) initiation. Among the incident HD patients, the dominant Vascular Access (VA) was non-tunneled central catheter (non-TCC) in 70% of Group 2 and tunneled central catheter (TCC) in 32.5% in Group 1 countries. Arterio-Venous Fistula (AVF) in the incident HD patients was observed in 24.5% and 35% of patients in Group-2 and Group-1, respectively. Eight percent and 68.7% of the prevalent HD patients in Group-2 and Group-1 received HD through an AVF respectively. Nephrologists performing any IN procedure were 90% and 60% in Group-2 and Group 1, respectively. The common procedures performed by nephrologists include renal biopsy (93.3%), peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion (80%), TCC (66.7%) and non-TCC (100%). Constraints for IN include lack of time (73.3%), lack of back-up (40%), lack of training (73.3%), economic issues (33.3%), medico-legal problems (46.6%), no incentive (20%), other interests (46.6%) and institution not supportive (26%). Routine VA surveillance is performed in 12.5% and 83.3% of Group-2 and Group-1, respectively. To conclude, non-TCC and TCC are the most common vascular access in incident HD patients in Group-2 and Group-1, respectively. Lack of training, back-up support and economic constraints were main constraints for IN growth in Group-2 countries.
Fulltext Impact of National Economy and Policies on End-Stage Kidney Care in South Asia and Southeast Asia

Alexander S, Jasuja S, Gallieni M, Sahay M, Rana DS, Jha V, et al.

Int J Nephrol, 2021;2021:6665901.
PMID: 34035962 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6665901

Background: The association between economic status and kidney disease is incompletely explored even in countries with higher economy (HE); the situation is complex in lower economies (LE) of South Asia and Southeast Asia (SA and SEA).
Methods: Fifteen countries of SA and SEA categorized as HE and LE, represented by the representatives of the national nephrology societies, participated in this questionnaire and interview-based assessment of the impact of economic status on renal care.
Results: Average incidence and prevalence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) per million population (pmp) are 1.8 times and 3.3 times higher in HE. Hemodialysis is the main renal replacement therapy (RRT) (HE-68%, LE-63%). Funding of dialysis in HE is mainly by state (65%) or insurance bodies (30%); out of pocket expenses (OOPE) are high in LE (41%). Highest cost for hemodialysis is in Brunei and Singapore, and lowest in Myanmar and Nepal. Median number of dialysis machines/1000 ESKD population is 110 in HE and 53 in LE. Average number of machines/dialysis units in HE is 2.7 times higher than LE. The HE countries have 9 times more dialysis centers pmp (median HE-17, LE-02) and 16 times more nephrologist density (median HE-14.8 ppm, LE-0.94 ppm). Dialysis sessions >2/week is frequently followed in HE (84%) and <2/week in LE (64%). "On-demand" hemodialysis (<2 sessions/week) is prevalent in LE. Hemodialysis dropout rates at one year are lower in HE (12.3%; LE 53.4%), death being the major cause (HE-93.6%; LE-43.8%); renal transplants constitute 4% (Brunei) to 39% (Hong Kong) of the RRT in HE. ESKD burden is expected to increase >10% in all the HE countries except Taiwan, 10%-20% in the majority of LE countries.
Conclusion: Economic disparity in SA and SEA is reflected by poor dialysis infrastructure and penetration, inadequate manpower, higher OOPE, higher dialysis dropout rates, and lesser renal transplantations in LE countries. Utility of RRT can be improved by state funding and better insurance coverage.