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Fulltext Recent Advances in Inorganic Nanomaterials Synthesis Using Sonochemistry: A Comprehensive Review on Iron Oxide, Gold and Iron Oxide Coated Gold Nanoparticles

Ali Dheyab M, Aziz AA, Jameel MS

Molecules, 2021 Apr 22;26(9).
PMID: 33922347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092453

Sonochemistry uses ultrasound to improve or modify chemical reactions. Sonochemistry occurs when the ultrasound causes chemical effects on the reaction system, such as the formation of free radicals, that intensify the reaction. Many studies have investigated the synthesis of nanomaterials by the sonochemical method, but there is still very limited information on the detailed characterization of these physicochemical and morphological nanoparticles. In this comprehensive review, recent advances in the sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials based on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NP), gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and iron oxide-coated gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au NP) are discussed. These materials are the most studied materials for various applications, such as medical and commercial uses. This review will: (1) address the simple processing and observations on the principles of sonochemistry as a starting point for understanding the fundamental mechanisms, (2) summarize and review the most relevant publications and (3) describe the typical shape of the products provided in sonochemistry. All in all, this review's main outcome will provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature knowledge that promotes and encourages future sonochemical work.
Potential of a sonochemical approach to generate MRI-PPT theranostic agents for breast cancer

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Khaniabadi PM, Jameel MS

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2021 Mar;33:102177.
PMID: 33429101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102177

The production of nanomaterials integrating diagnostic and therapeutic roles within one nanoplatform is important for medical applications. Such theranostics nanoplatforms could provide information on imaging, accurate diagnosis and, at the same time, could eradicate cancer cells. Fe3O4@Au core@shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNPs) have gained broad attention due to their unique innovations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Seed-mediated growth procedures were used to produce the Fe3O4@AuNPs. In these processes, complicated surface modifications, resulted in unsatisfactory properties. This work used the ability of the sonochemical approach to synthesize highly efficient theranostics agent Fe3O4@AuNPs with a size of approximately 22 nm in 5 min. The inner core of Fe3O4 acts as an MRI agent, whereas the photothermal effect stands accomplished by near-infrared absorption of the gold shell (Au shell), which results in the eradication of cancer cells. We have shown that Fe3O4@AuNPs have great biocompatibility and no major cytotoxicity has been identified. Relaxivity value (r2) of synthesized Fe3O4@Au NPs, measured at 233 mM-1s-1, is significantly higher than those reported previously. The as-synthesized NPs have shown substantial photothermal ablation ability on MCF-7 in vitro under near-infrared laser irradiation. Consequently, Fe3O4@AuNPs synthesized in this study have great potential as an ideal candidate for MR imaging and PTT.
Trastuzumab conjugated porphyrin-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle: A potential PTT-MRI bimodal agent for herceptin positive breast cancer

Khaniabadi PM, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Aziz AA, Dheyab MA, Khaniabadi BM, Mehrdel B, et al.

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2020 Sep;31:101896.
PMID: 32585402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101896

BACKGROUND: Theranostic agents can combine photosensitizers and contrast agents into a single unit for photothermal therapy (PTT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The possibility of treating and diagnosing malignant cancers without any ionizing radiation could become an option. This study investigates the theranostic potential of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (IONs) for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer by developing a single integrated nanoprobe.
METHODS: Oleylamin-coated IONs (ION-Ol) were synthesized and surface of the IONs was modified using protoporphyrin (PP) and trastuzumab (TZ) to develop the TZ-conjugated SPION-porphyrin [ION-PP-TZ]. The structure, morphology, size, and cytotoxicity of all samples were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), WST-1 assay, respectively. In addition to MRI and in vitro laser irradiation (808 nm, 200 mW) to determine the r2 values and photothermal ablation.
RESULTS: The sizes of monodispersed nanoparticles were measured in rang 5.74-7.17 nm. No cytotoxicity was observed after incubating MCF 7 cells under various Fe concentrations of nanoparticles and theranostic agents. The transverse relaxation time of the protoporphyrin conjugated to IONs (52.32 mM-1s-1) exceeded that of ION-Ol and TZ-conjugated ION-PP. In addition, the in vitro photothermal ablation of ION-PP-TZ revealed a 74 % MCF 7 cell reduction after 10 min of at the highest Fe concentration (1.00 mg Fe/mL).
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the water-soluble ION-PP-TZ is a promising bimodal agent for the diagnosis and treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer cells using a T2 MRI contrast agent and photothermal therapy.
Mechanisms of effective gold shell on Fe3O4 core nanoparticles formation using sonochemistry method

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B

Ultrason Sonochem, 2020 Jun;64:104865.
PMID: 31983562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104865

Sonochemical synthesis (sonochemistry) is one of the most effective techniques of breaking down large clusters of nanoparticles (NPs) into smaller clusters or even individual NPs, which ensures their dispersibility (stability) in a solution over a long duration. This paper demonstrates the potential of sonochemistry becoming a valuable tool for the deposition of gold (Au) shell on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) by explaining the underlying complex processes that control the deposition mechanism. This review summarizes the principles of the sonochemistry method and highlights the resulting phenomenon of acoustic cavitation and its associated physical, chemical and thermal effects. The effect of sonochemistry on the deposition of Au NPs on the Fe3O4 surface of various sizes is presented and discussed. A Vibra-Cell ultrasonic solid horn with tip size, frequency, power output of ½ inch, 20 kHz and 750 W respectively was used in core@shell synthesis. The sonochemical process was shown to affect the surface and structure of Fe3O4 NPs via acoustic cavitation, which prevents the agglomeration of clusters in a solution, resulting in a more stable dispersion. Deciphering the mechanism that governs the formation of Au shell on Fe3O4 core NPs has emphasized the potential of sonication in enhancing the chemical activity in solutions.
Upconversion lanthanide nanomaterials: basics introduction, synthesis approaches, mechanism and application in photodetector and photovoltaic devices

Mehrdel B, Nikbakht A, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Dheyab MA, Khaniabadi PM

Nanotechnology, 2021 Nov 29;33(8).
PMID: 34753124 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac37e3

Upconversion (UC) of lanthanide-doped nanostructure has the unique ability to convert low energy infrared (IR) light to high energy photons, which has significant potential for energy conversion applications. This review concisely discusses the basic concepts and fundamental theories of lanthanide nanostructures, synthesis techniques, and enhancement methods of upconversion for photovoltaic and for near-infrared (NIR) photodetector (PD) application. In addition, a few examples of lanthanide-doped nanostructures with improved performance were discussed, with particular emphasis on upconversion emission enhancement using coupling plasmon. The use of UC materials has been shown to significantly improve the NIR light-harvesting properties of photovoltaic devices and photocatalytic materials. However, the inefficiency of UC emission also prompted the need for additional modification of the optical properties of UC material. This improvement entailed the proper selection of the host matrix and optimization of the sensitizer and activator concentrations, followed by subjecting the UC material to surface-passivation, plasmonic enhancement, or doping. As expected, improving the optical properties of UC materials can lead to enhanced efficiency of PDs and photovoltaic devices.
Monte Carlo simulation of gold nanoparticles for X-ray enhancement application

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Rahman AA, Ashour NI, Musa AS, Braim FS, et al.

Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj, 2023 Apr;1867(4):130318.
PMID: 36740000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130318

BACKGROUND: Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are regarded as potential agents that enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells for theranostic applications. To elucidate the biological mechanisms of radiation dose enhancement effects of Au NPs as well as DNA damage attributable to the inclusion of Au NPs, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been deployed in a number of studies.
SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review paper concisely collates and reviews the information reported in the simulation research in terms of MC simulation of radiosensitization and dose enhancement effects caused by the inclusion of Au NPs in tumor cells, simulation mechanisms, benefits and limitations.
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we first explore the recent advances in MC simulation on Au NPs radiosensitization. The MC methods, physical dose enhancement and enhanced chemical and biological effects is discussed, followed by some results regarding the prediction of dose enhancement. We then review Multi-scale MC simulations of Au NP-induced DNA damages for X-ray irradiation. Moreover, we explain and look at Multi-scale MC simulations of Au NP-induced DNA damages for X-ray irradiation.
GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Using advanced chemical module-implemented MC simulations, there is a need to assess the radiation-induced chemical radicals that contribute to the dose-enhancing and biological effects of multiple Au NPs.
Fulltext Simple rapid stabilization method through citric acid modification for magnetite nanoparticles

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B

Sci Rep, 2020 Jul 01;10(1):10793.
PMID: 32612098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67869-8

A highly stable and magnetized citric acid (CA)-functionalized iron oxide aqueous colloidal solution (Fe3O4@CA) was synthesized by using a simple and rapid method of one-step co-participation via a chemical reaction between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in a NaOH solution at 65 °C, followed by CA addition to functionalize the Fe3O4 surface in 25 min. The NPs were synthesized at lower temperatures and shortened time compared with conventional methods. Surface functionalization is highly suggested because bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are frequently deficient due to their low stability and hydrophilicity. Hence, 19 nm-sized Fe3O4 NPs coated with CA (Fe3O4@CA) were synthesized, and their microstructure, morphology, and magnetic properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. CA successfully modified the Fe3O4 surface to obtain a stabilized (homogeneous and well dispersed) aqueous colloidal solution. The Zeta potential value of the as-prepared Fe3O4@CA increases from - 31 to - 45 mV. These CA-functionalized NPs with high magnetic saturation (54.8 emu/g) show promising biomedical applications.
Fulltext Focused role of nanoparticles against COVID-19: Diagnosis and treatment

Dheyab MA, Khaniabadi PM, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Mehrdel B, Oglat AA, et al.

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2021 Jun;34:102287.
PMID: 33836276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102287

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has witnessed a rapid and global proliferation since its early identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. As of 27th May 2020, 2019-nCoV cases have risen to >5 million, with confirmed deaths of 350,000. However, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostic and treatment measures are yet to be fully unraveled, given the novelty of this particular coronavirus. Therefore, existing antiviral agents used for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were repurposed for COVID-19, taking their biological features into consideration. This study provides a concise review of the current and emerging detection and supervision technologies for SARS-CoV-2, which is the viral etiology of COVID19, and their performance characteristics, with emphasis on the novel Nano-based diagnostic tests (protein corona sensor array and magnetic levitation) and treatment measures (treatment protocols based on nano-silver colloids) for COVID-19.
Gold nanoparticles-based photothermal therapy for breast cancer

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Khaniabadi PM, Jameel MS, Oladzadabbasabadi N, Rahman AA, et al.

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2023 Jun;42:103312.
PMID: 36731732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103312

AuNPs-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) is gaining popularity in both laboratory research and medical applications. It has proven clear advantages in breast cancer therapy over conventional thermal ablation because of its easily-tuned features of irradiation light with inside hyperthermia ability. Notwithstanding this significant progress, the therapeutic potential of AuNPs-mediated PTT in cancer treatments is still impeded by several challenges, including inherent non-specificity, low photothermal conversion effectiveness, and the limitation of excitation light tissue penetration. Given the rapid progress of AuNPs-mediated PTT, we present a comprehensive overview of significant breakthroughs in the recent advancements of AuNPs for PTT, focusing on breast cancer cells. With the improvement of chemical synthesis technology, AuNPs of various sizes and shapes with desired properties can be synthesized, allowing breast cancer targeting and treatment. In this study, we summarized the different sizes and features of four major types of AuNPs in this review: Au nanospheres, Au nanocages, Au nanoshells, and Au nanorods, and explored their benefits and drawbacks in PTT. We also discussed the diagnostic, bioconjugation, targeting, and cellular uptake of AuNPs, which could improve the performance of AuNP-based PTT. Besides that, potential challenges and future developments of AuNP-mediated PTT for clinical applications are discussed. AuNP-mediated PTT is expected to become a highly promising avenue in cancer treatment in the near future.