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Problems in leprosy control and the need for human behaviour and socio-economic research

Rajagopalan K, Joo LK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1986 Sep;17(3):486-8.
PMID: 3563618
Fulltext Predictors of severe COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Sabah, Malaysia

Joo LK, Sazali MF, Goroh M, Zefong AC, Maluda MCM, Avoi R, et al.

BMC Health Serv Res, 2022 Dec 17;22(1):1541.
PMID: 36528610 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08920-4

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) is the high-risk group for COVID-19 infection due to increased workplace exposure. However, evidence of the disease burden and factors associated with severe COVID-19 infection among HCWs is limited. Therefore, this article aims to describe the prevalence of severe COVID-19 disease among HCWs in Sabah, Malaysia, and to determine the factors associated with severe COVID-19 infection.
METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out by assessing the data of COVID-19-infected HCWs in Sabah, Malaysia, from 1st March 2021 until 30th September 2021. Logistic regression analysis was used in this study.
RESULTS: Three thousand and forty HCWs were diagnosed with COVID-19 from 1st March 2021 until 30th September 2021. Of the 3040 HCWs, 2948 (97.0%) HCWs were mild, whereas 92 (3.0%) were severe. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that severe COVID-19 among HCWs in Sabah was associated with those do not receive any COVID-19 vaccination (aOR 6.061, 95% CI 3.408 - 10.780), underlying co-morbidity (aOR 3.335, 95% CI 2.183 - 5.096), and female (aOR 1.833, 95% CI 1.090 - 3.081).
CONCLUSION: HCWs should strictly adhere to preventive measures, including vaccination, personal protective equipment, and early referral to a physician upon identifying severe COVID-19 infection. Early screening and aggressive co-morbidity treatment among HCWs are essential for public health practitioners to prevent severe COVID-19 disease. Regardless of co-morbidity status, HCWs should stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, including booster doses.
Fulltext At the Heart of the Community: Implementation of Echocardiographic Screening for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Primary Care Facilities of Northern Borneo Island

Jiee SF, Joo LK, Eng PN, Simon Sumeh A, Jantim A, Shanmuganathan S, et al.

J Prim Care Community Health, 2024;15:21501319241233178.
PMID: 38420774 DOI: 10.1177/21501319241233178

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a potentially life-threatening condition that causes long-standing public health concerns. Echocardiography is a reliable diagnostic and screening technique for many cardiovascular conditions, including RHD. It is commonly used in tertiary care facilities worldwide but less so in the community setting. The primary aim of this study was to introduce and elaborate on the echocardiographic screening for RHD that was implemented by a Malaysian primary care clinic in Penampang district, Sabah. We also set out to present the uptake of the service in its initial years of establishment, as well as the challenges faced.
METHODS: In the first part of this study, document reviews were conducted to compile relevant information about the conceptualization and implementation of this service. Following that, we also obtained secondary data on the echocardiographic screening service from its first implementation in April 2020 until May 2021 to examine the uptake and the patient profile.
RESULTS: From April 2020 to May 2021, a total of 189 echocardiographic screening was conducted by primary care doctors using handheld ultrasound. Of the 189 children screened, 19 (10.1%) were found to have cardiac anomalies and were referred for a formal echocardiogram. Upon follow-up, 8 were detected with mild mitral regurgitation and referred to the nearest tertiary hospital for further management.
CONCLUSION: Based on our review, the echocardiographic screening for RHD among children conducted by the Penampang Health Clinic was deemed successful. Echocardiogram service provided by primary care centers located in suburban and rural areas is highly beneficial for patients with poor access to specialized health care services because they stay far away from tertiary care facilities. Tapping into family medicine physicians located closer to communities to conduct echocardiographic screening and review the results can improve the detection of cardiac anomalies requiring further investigation. With the success of this project, echocardiographic services in the primary healthcare setting can be expanded by garnering the necessary collaborative efforts and consistent support from various stakeholders.
Fulltext Factors and outcomes in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS): A systematic review

Dualis H, Zefong AC, Joo LK, Dadar Singh NK, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Avoi R, et al.

Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2021 Jul;67:102501.
PMID: 34188913 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102501

BACKGROUND: An emerging infectious zoonosis known as Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is discovered mainly in Japan, South Korea and China. SFTS virus (SFTSV) which is recently recognised as bunyavirus is borne by ticks such as Haemaphysalis longicornis. It has the capabilities to spread as develop clusters and become a considerable public health threat as this virus could experience rapid evolution via gene mutation. Case fatality rate has been reported up to higher than 30%. The aim of this review is to determine the associated risk factors of SFTS and its outcome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was conducted using online databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. A total of 517 records were identified from searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. From the final exclusions, a total of 26 studies were included for final analysis.
RESULTS: Associated risk factors to getting SFTS infection include occupation, history of bite from a tick, biological susceptibility, and owning of domestic animal. Fatality rates apart from single case reports range from 15.1% to 50% and are contributed by various factors including delay in hospital admission, high viral load, older age group and presence of comorbid and complication.
CONCLUSION: A seroprevalence study can be conducted amongst the high-risk occupation group such as farmers and agricultural workers, as well as testing cases where viral fever is suspected but available tests for other diseases turns out negative.