Sebahagian hujan akan diperangkap oleh lapisan kanopi pokok dan permukaan lain sebagai pintasan, sebelum tersejat kembali ke atmosfera. Air hujan menuruni kanopi hutan melalui dua mekanisme; aliran batang dan jatuhan langsung. Aliran batang merujuk kepada jumlah air hujan yang sampai ke permukaan tanah dengan menuruni batang pokok dan dahan. Manakala jatuhan langsung pula merujuk kepada jatuhan terus air hujan yang menembusi lapisan kanopi hutan melalui ruang-ruang antara daun dan menitis dari daun, cabang dan dahan pokok. Kedua-dua komponen ini dinilai menggunakan plot pintasan bersaiz 100 ×100 m2 di hutan sekunder Tasik Chini. Tiga puluh batang pokok telah digunakan dan setiap pokok dikenal pasti berdasarkan spesies, famili, diameter aras dada (DBH) saiz kanopi dan ketumpatan kanopi. Dalam kajian ini, data pintasan telah dikumpulkan pada dua kali kejadian hujan yang berlaku dalam bulan November 2007 (44.51% dalam bentuk jatuhan langsung dan 55.49% dalam bentuk aliran batang) dan taburan hujan dalam bulan Disember 2007 (39.65% dalam bentuk jatuhan langsung dan 60.35% dalam bentuk aliran batang). Kajian pintasan ini menghasilkan maklumat penting bagi kitaran hidrologi yang berlaku dalam ekosistem hutan, juga keseimbangan air tanah bencah.
Zamzam is holy water believed by Muslim to have remedial power for all kinds of diseases. It contains
many electrolytes and the concentration of the electrolytes may be affected by the types of container
used for its storage. This study was carried out to determine the difference in ions concentration of
Zamzam water stored in plastic and glass containers, and to determine cytotoxicity effects of Zamzam
water against U-87 cell line (human primary glioblastoma cell line). Ion Chromatography (IC) was used
to analyze the concentration. The analyzed anions in the Zamzam water include bromide, chloride,
phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride whereas the cations were ammonium, lithium, potassium,
sodium, calcium and magnesium. Subsequently, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of
Zamzam water on U-87 cell line. This study reveals that Zamzam water anions and cations
concentration was not statistically significant neither in plastic nor glass container. In addition, the
Zamzam water did not cause any toxicity on the U87 cell line. We postulate that types of container do
not have much influence on the ion concentration of Zamzam water and it is non-toxic on U87 cell line.
Water quality analysis of the seven feeder rivers in Tasik Chini was carried out from October 2004 to December 2005. A total of nine sampling sites were selected in this study, namely: Sungai Datang (St.1), Sungai Cenahan (St. 2), downstream of Sungai Gumum (St. 3), mid of Sungai Gumum (St. 4), Sungai Kura-kura (St. 5), Sungai Melai (St. 6), Sungai Jemberau (St. 7), upstream of Sungai Paya Merupuk (St. 8), and downstream of Sungai Paya Merupuk (St. 9). Eleven water quality parameters were selected and analyzed in-situ and ex-situ during two sampling seasons. Laboratory analyses were carried out according to the HACH and APHA. Results of the study indicated that the pH content ranged from 3.2 to 6.32, dissolved oxygen 0.27 to 6.4 mg/L, conductivity from 14.33 to 85.7 µS/cm and temperature from 24.1 to 32.1˚C. Total dissolved solids ranged from 22.67 to 184 mg/L, total suspended solids from 1.17 to 79.11 mg/L and turbidity from 4.67 to 28.67 NTU. Nutrients such as ammonical nitrogen (0.01 to 0.57 mg/L), nitrate (0.7 to 2.9 mg/L), phosphate (from not detectable to 0.50 mg/L) and sulphate (from not detectable to 2.0 mg/L) were also studied. This showed that most of the feeder rivers have contributed to high nutrients values in Tasik Chini. Statistically, the relationship between water quality parameters were correlated as very weak and moderately correlated (R2= 0.40). Phosphate and sulphate were significantly correlated as positive slope; turbidity and nitrate showed negative slope with discharge during both the seasons (R2=0.651; R2=0.624). Recent activities such as deforestation, mining, agriculture and tourism have taken place in the surrounding areas of the lake. These activities were expected to influence the stability of the water quality of the feeder river of Tasik Chini.
Penggunaan tanah boleh mengakibatkan perubahan fungsi dari masa ke masa, sesuai dengan tujuan pembangunan. Kawasan Bandar Pekanbaru terdiri daripada 12 sub-kawasan persekutuan dengan jumlah keluasan kira-kira 632.26 km2. Tujuan kajian adalah untuk menganalisis perubahan guna tanah daripada aspek ruang dan masa. Data guna tanah yang diambil kira dalam analisis ini adalah peta guna tanah 1992 dan 2004. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan perisian ArcView GIS versi 3.2 mendapati bahawa telah berlaku penurunan guna tanah signifikan, iaitu jenis perkebunan dan hutan tahun 2004. Peningkatan jenis lain-lain, penggunaan tanah seperti permukiman dan tumbuhan/semak tahun 2004 telah berlaku. Perubahan ini merupakan pengaruh daripada pembangunan bandar. Sebaliknya, pembangunan bandar boleh memberi impak negatif terhadap sekitaran jika pola perubahan guna tanah dirancang tanpa pengurusan yang baik.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti punca berlakunya banjir di Segamat pada 17 hingga 21 Disember 2006. Kegiatan termasuklah mengumpul, menilai dan mengalisis data taburan hujan dari Januari 1998 hingga Disember 2006 serta menganalisis data telemetri harian bagi aras dan luahan air sungai pada Disember 2006. Satu set data hujan harian, bulanan dan tahunan dari Stesen Felda Medoi, Segamat telah dianalisis dan dihubungkait dengan data telemetri. Data taburan hujan selama 8 tahun tersebut menunjukkan kawasan Bandar Segamat menerima hujan bulanan yang berjulat daripada 2.5 mm (Februari 2004) sehingga 536.8 mm (Januari 2003). Taburan hujan bulanan Oktober sehingga Disember 2006 menunjukkan kenaikan secara positif, iaitu daripada 118 mm sehingga 435 mm/bulan tetapi berlaku penurunan (392 mm) pada Januari 2007. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa hujan lebat yang luar biasa dan keadaan bentuk topografi yang rendah dan beralun di kawasan kajian adalah penyebab utama banjir di Segamat.
The hydrology hydraulic model is established to assess environmental information on hydrology which
can be used to investigate causes of various environmental problems at the river and natural lake
catchment. This study reports on sediment concentrations at a river using a gravimetric method to
investigate the hydrology system at a lake catchment. The measurement was carried out at the
upstream, midstream, and downstream stations on the river in normal, rainy and post-rainy seasons.
The stations are located along the Chini River, which are connected to a catchment lake (located at
latitude 3°26’36.41”E-3°27’03.26”E and longitude 102°54’31.94”N-102°53’35.49”N). From the
measurements, it is estimated that on average 787.621 tonne/km2 of sediment is transferred into the
natural lake via Chini River annually. The correlation of statistical analysis between the sediment load
and discharge study was very significant (R2 = 0.980). There is a linear relation between the area of
the catchment and sediment load of the connecting river as supported by other studies in Malaysia.
The outcome of the study suggests that the high sedimentation is due to land use activity, existence of
the dam at the downstream of Chini River that traps the sediment, reverse flow from the Pahang River
into Chini River and riverbank erosion factors. From this study, the sediment control steps are
suggested such as creating conservation partially at the lake catchment, modifying the dam system,
riverbank erosion control, and application of “Monkey Cheek” system. These sediment control steps
may help to clean up the high suspended sediment at the whole lake system area, hence solving and
mitigating the environmental problems in the natural lake catchment.