Muhammad Adil Khattak, Muhammad Khairy Harmaini Shaharuddin, Muhammad Saiful Islam Haris, Muhammad Zuhaili Mohammad Aminuddin, Nik Mohamad Amirul Nik Azhar, Nik Muhammad Hakimi Nik Ahmad
It is essential to ensure the nuclear power plant system are not compromise and avoid
failure that can result in significant economic loss and physical damage to the public.
However, a very little attention was given to software and cybersecurity hazard. This
review paper discusses about the cybersecurity in nuclear power plant, history of
accident, implementation and future plan on cybersecurity deeply. About 51 published
studies (2006-2017) are reviewed in this paper. It is marked from the literature survey
articles that it is important for the cybersecurity of a nuclear power plant to be at par
with the evolution of hardware and software and to counter the increasing risk on
cyber vulnerabilities. Moreover, it should be addressed as a concern and major priority
for researches and policy-makers.
Muhammad Adil Khattak, Nurul Syahrizzat Mohd Yasin, Hannah Natasha Andjani, Puteri Nurailah Husna Mohd Tajuddin, Sakeshraj Narajah, See, Zhi Fei, et al.
Geopolitical risks will less affect the oil supply in the United States due to its stability
and widespread oil sectors since 1970s. Nevertheless, energy prosperity in the United
States appears differently in relation to a fuller period for conventional energy export
states where geopolitical challenges have been intensified by monetary pressure and
escalating energy demand in residential areas. The relationship between the United
States and other energy export states will continue to change as the United States
becomes more independent and non-OPEC resources become worthwhile especially
in Western Hemisphere. With expansion of global economic growth, maintained
multilateral relationship among countries and technological development are two
prominent concerns to secure long-term energy supplies and to enable further
exploration of new energy sources.
Muhammad Adil Khattak, Mohammad Azfar Haziq Ayoub, Muhammad Ariff Fadhlillah Abdul Manaf, Mohd Faidhi Mahrul, Mohd Ridwan Mohd Juhari, Mira Idora Mustaffa, et al.
Energy supply security is a vital aim of energy policy in countries across the globe.
Global energy security is one of the main concerns as it depends on the concentrations
of the energy supplies political pressure from energy exporters. In Europe’s case,
energy security has been of large concern by the gas crisis which resulted from gas
prices and debts that caused the halt in Russian gas flowing through Ukraine’s
pipelines. The crisis coincidentally happened during the increasing concerns in the
nationalism resource of energy exporters as well as the circumstance involving high oil
prices. Europe’s economies were a huge concern as it was susceptible of energy
exporters’ political pressure and the rivalry with the resource demanding China. Energy
security, however, is still confused as it is shown in political actions. The focus of energy
security in the U.S. has originally been to reduce the susceptibility of it towards political
manipulation and that has tipped the politicians to voice out for the independence of
energy increasing shares of renewable energy. The plan of energy independence in
Brazil, however, had come to a reality as there were timeframes of politician
represented a rising share in fossil fuel supply imports and lowered shares of
renewable energy as to encourage energy security. For other countries, the energy
security they went for was the protection of the poor in countering the products price
instability while others highlight the prominence of defending the economy in contrast
of the disturbance in energy service supplies which is done by letting the prices of
products to increase in times of shortage. The paper will define the energy security
better in terms of the European Union as to shed some light on the issue. It will review
the European Union and the global energy security whilst including the implication of
oil market which will be concentrated in terms of EU, elaboration of the energy security
of EU in context of foreign relation, the physical security issues and challenges faced
by EU, and the elaboration of energy policy of EU.
The primary objective of control rod management is to ensure the safe, reliable and
optimum use of the nuclear fuel in the reactor, while remain within the limits imposed
by the design of the fuel assembly and reactor w.r.t the safety analysis. In numerous
reactors, the control rods perform the function of reactivity control, both globally and
locally, latter also control the power distribution of the core. Most control rods are
completely withdrawn from the core during operations and fully inserted during
shutdown of the reactor. This are the prove of an investigative study into optimization
of the heterogeneous control rods, the safety management of an additional safety rod,
and control rod drop hydrodynamic analysis which will be able to provide an efficient
and maximum safety procedure for emergency shut down system in the reactor. It is
also will be very important safety features of the reactor. To design the additional
safety rod at the inner irradiation sites with boron carbide (absorber material) and
stainless steel (clad) and also to design a simple heterogeneous control rod design to
analyse the effects of geometry self-shielding, the Monte Carlo Neutron Particle Code,
version 5 (MCNP5) was used. By simulating the unsteady flow field around the control
rod, the hydrodynamic analysis of the control rod can be analysed. A correlation based
on the achieved data was proposed to provide useful information on the safety
management during the research.
Muhammad Adil Khattak, Tuan Mohamad Hakimi Tuan Yahya, Muhammad Wazif Mohd Sallehhudin, Muhammad Izzuan Mohd Ghazali, Nur Awal Abdullah, Nur Athirah Nordin, et al.
In this recent years, energy security has been actively studied. European vitality security challenges have changed significantly in the previous 20 years. From one viewpoint, the current strains amongst Russia and the EU are undermining heir verifiable organization on vitality; on the other, profound changes in the vitality scene at the worldwide level, activated by innovative advances and major geo-political changes, are driving the EU to revaluate its vitality security system. The point of this paper is to talk about Eastern Europe vitality security in a changing worldwide. Furthermore, this paper will give a review on the energy market and the energy security strategy in Eastern Europe country.
Muhammad Adil Khattak, Muhammad Zulhelmi Mahadi, Nurlaila Syamsul Bahri, Hor, Yen Tiu, Khairulnadzmi Jamaluddin, Muhammad Faiz Farhan Noorizhab, et al.
The objective of this review paper is to summarize the current state of understanding
on a topic ‘Nuclear spent fuel storage and facilities’. This review paper surveys and
summarizes previously published studies, rather than reporting new facts or analysis.
It is importance to case study this issue since the number of spent fuel are increasing
in which a typical nuclear power plant in a year generates almost 20 metric tons of
used nuclear fuel. In which the nuclear industry generates a total of about 2,000 - 2,300
metric tons of used fuel per year and for the last 40 years produced 76,430 metric tons
of nuclear spent fuel. Future understanding and attention need to be accomplished
since spent fuel can cause harm due to its high radioactive level and also the ability to
reprocess the fuel to be used as MOX fuel.